{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:22:06Z","timestamp":1792819326491,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the evidence for the use of ascorbic acid, thiamine, or a combination of both agents without corticosteroids in the management of sepsis and septic shock.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n A review of the literature was conducted through August 2023 on PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and CINAHL using the following terminology: \u201cascorbic acid\u201d OR \u201cvitamin C\u201d OR \u201cthiamine\u201d OR \u201cvitamin B\u201d OR \u201cvitamin B 1\u201d AND \u201csepsis\u201d OR \u201cseptic shock\u201d NOT \u201csteroid\u201d OR \u201chydrocortisone\u201d OR \u201ccorticosteroid.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Selection and Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n Trials that described patient outcomes, medication efficacy, and medication safety data were considered for inclusion, while reports describing the use of either or both thiamine and ascorbic acid for a non-sepsis indication and reports that were not readily translatable to English were excluded. Studies that allowed corticosteroid use in both the intervention and control cohorts as part of a standard-of-care protocol were eligible for inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n Heterogeneity of data exists, marked by divergent quantifications for successful pharmacotherapy interventions. Whereas some data support changes in patient outcome scores or critical illness indices, others have failed to demonstrate any meaningful benefit to ICU length of stay, ventilator status, or mortality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Exploring the individual and synergistic effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine on key pathways implicated in sepsis pathophysiology has not yielded unequivocal evidence supporting their use without concomitant corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/87551225251320873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T05:54:53Z","timestamp":1740549293000},"page":"192-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid in Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Review of Evidence for their Role in Practice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin P.","family":"Reinert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kegan","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Ohlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nek009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.82"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Early adjuvant intravenous vitamin C treatment in septic shock may resolve the vasopressor dependence","volume":"5","author":"Nabil Habib T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nabil Habib T, Ahmed I. Early adjuvant intravenous vitamin C treatment in septic shock may resolve the vasopressor dependence. Int J Microbiol Adv Immunol. 2017;5(1):77-81.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol Adv Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2279-042X.179569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03900-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11825"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.03.03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01195-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0034OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202208-1583LE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06191-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of vitamin C and thiamine on the outcome in sepsis: South East Asian region","volume":"70","author":"Ap GR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ap GR, Daga MK, Mawari G, et al. Effect of supplementation of vitamin C and thiamine on the outcome in sepsis: South East Asian region. 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