{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T08:51:00Z","timestamp":1777884660746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clear River Enviro, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n Pharmaceutical waste represents a major burden to the health care system and environment. Proper drug waste disposal devices are vitally needed, especially for propofol solutions that inherently carry a high risk of microbial contamination.\n Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n The aims of this study were to compare the capabilities of 2 drug disposal systems for decontamination of propofol solutions inoculated with medical pathogens and assess chemical degradation of propofol after treatment with Fenton reagents.\n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n Standard microbiological assays were used to assess survival and growth of\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n inoculated into propofol solutions. Both a prototype instrument and a commercially marketed disposal device were tested for their ability to kill microbial growth. Furthermore, a propofol bioanalytical assay utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to measure propofol concentrations before and after treatment with a Fenton reagent cocktail (iron and hydrogen peroxide).\n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Propofol emulsion and diluted solutions lack antimicrobial properties and support the growth of microbes. The prototype instrument effectively killed\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n inoculated into propofol solutions, while the commercial product did not kill or inhibit the growth of the microorganisms. Finally, propofol was chemically degraded to undetectable quantities (< 0.13 ppm) upon exposure to Fenton reagents in a prototype instrument.\n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n We show for the first time that propofol solutions inoculated with microbes are decontaminated upon exposure to Fenton reagents. Treatment with Fenton reagents also chemically destroys the propofol molecule. These results will support the development of novel drug disposal devices for real-time application in the pharmacy setting.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/87551225251343559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T06:42:59Z","timestamp":1748673779000},"page":"180-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Propofol Microbial Contamination Following Treatment With Drug Disposal Devices"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ransome","family":"van der Hoeven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7215-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan L.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2014.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2018.1467918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2024). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2023 national survey on drug use and health (HHS Publication No. Pep24-07-021 NSDUH Series H-59). Accessed April 4 2025. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt47095\/National%20Report\/National%20Report\/2023-nsduh-annual-national.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2021.1937635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusturica MP Jevtic M Ristovski JT. Minimizing the environmental impact of unused pharmaceuticals: review focused on prevention. Front Environ Sci. 2022;10:1-8. doi:10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1077974","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1077974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"Medicine Disposal Products: An Overview of Products and Performance Questions","author":"Shield M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shield M, Johnson M. Medicine Disposal Products: An Overview of Products and Performance Questions. Community Environmental Health Strategies LLC; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578720931456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","author":"Propofol Injection Emulsion","year":"2023","unstructured":"Propofol Injection Emulsion (Package Insert). Hospira Inc; 2023.","journal-title":"Hospira Inc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-020-01634-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31824ea491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/646405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/87551225251343559","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/87551225251343559","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/87551225251343559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:33:17Z","timestamp":1777602797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/87551225251343559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/87551225251343559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/87551225251343559","relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-1225","1549-4810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-1225","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-4810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]}}}