{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:16Z","timestamp":1792259356331,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy Technology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chromium picolinate has been studied as an adjunct to improve glycemic indices in ambulatory type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its role in critically ill patients is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether chromium picolinate supplementation was associated with reduced insulin requirements without worsening glycemic control in critically ill adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-center retrospective pre-post cohort study of adult intensive care unit patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or hemoglobin A1c \u22656.5% who received insulin and at least 4 consecutive chromium picolinate doses between July 2022 and January 2023. Patients served as their own controls during 24-hour pre- and post-chromium periods. The primary outcome was change in total daily insulin dose. Secondary outcomes included proportion of measured glucose values within 140 to 180 mg\/dL, acute kidney injury, hypoglycemia, and exploratory Sequential Organ Failure Assessment-2 change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 91 screened patients, 45 met the inclusion criteria. Median total daily insulin dose decreased from 76.3 U\/d (interquartile range [IQR], 40.1-96.9) before chromium to 40.0 U\/d (IQR, 20.5-65.6) after chromium; the Hodges-Lehmann paired difference was \u221223.0 U\/d (95% CI, \u221233.25 to \u221214.25;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Proportion of measured glucose values within target did not differ significantly. No post-intervention hypoglycemia was observed, and 2 patients met the study-defined acute kidney injury criterion. Interpretation is limited by the retrospective design and absence of a concurrent control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chromium picolinate supplementation was associated with lower insulin requirements without worsening glycemic control. These hypothesis-generating findings require confirmation in prospective controlled studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/87551225261489120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:22:26Z","timestamp":1791901346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Chromium Picolinate Supplementation and Insulin Requirements in Critically Ill Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0140-2490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvin","family":"Tomika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AdventHealth Celebration, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Finnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AdventHealth Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reesie","family":"Yann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AdventHealth Celebration, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4201-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuoc (Tyler)","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida College of Pharmacy, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(05)70154-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00044067-200401000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784980563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607106030003254"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000962"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2657-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616653832"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110527872-015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.9.2211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-010-0097-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-14-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700438"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2020.9.2.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2006.8.636"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06909.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.20516"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127338"}],"container-title":["Journal 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