{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:59:31Z","timestamp":1792051171766,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"\n Understanding the dynamics of non-isothermal droplet spreading is critical for various industrial applications, including turbine blade cooling, biodiagnostics, and aerospace manufacturing. This study investigates the behavior of molten droplets impacting cold solid substrates, where simultaneous spreading and solidification occur due to heat exchange. Traditional analytical and numerical methods often fall short in accurately predicting key outcomes such as arrested diameter (\n \n \n \n \n D<\/mml:mi>\n *<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) and contact angle (\n \n \n \n \n \u03b8<\/mml:mi>\n *<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ), largely due to oversimplified assumptions that neglect complex dynamics like viscous dissipation and solidification effects. Here, for the first time, we employ machine learning (ML) models to develop a predictive framework for nonisothermal droplet spreading. A comprehensive dataset was generated from 100 controlled experiments, capturing the effects of varying temperature gradients and flow rates on droplet behavior. Ensemble ML models, including Extra Trees Regressor, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and AdaBoost, were trained and evaluated using input features such as temperature, flow rate, and material properties. The AdaBoost model demonstrated superior performance with\n \n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.885<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and the lowest error metrics, effectively capturing the complex, nonlinear relationships in the dataset. A comparison with traditional analytical models highlights the ML approach\u2019s enhanced predictive accuracy, providing a novel, data-driven tool for applications in surface coating, soldering, and microfabrication.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/87560879251319751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:07:13Z","timestamp":1739419633000},"page":"304-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-isothermal spreading and solidification of a molten droplet on solid substrates: An experimental and machine learning-based study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parnian","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santoshi","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirouz","family":"Kavehpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-023-03089-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/22\/5\/055022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la5017998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(76)90183-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(98)00023-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(92)87006-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.869345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.2.043602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.4.033603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bange PG Upadhyay G Patil ND et al. Isothermal and non-isothermal spreading of a viscous droplet on a solid surface in total wetting condition. Phys Fluids; 34: 112115 Epub ahead of print 2022. DOI: 10.1063\/5.0122220.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0122220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2022.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tembely M Vadillo DC Dolatabadi A et al. A machine learning approach for predicting the maximum spreading factor of droplets upon impact on surfaces with various wettabilities. Processes; 10: 1141 Epub ahead of print 2022. 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