{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:15:31Z","timestamp":1792289731908,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Relations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Kurt Lewin\u2019s \u2018changing as three steps\u2019 (unfreezing \u2192 changing \u2192 refreezing) is regarded by many as the classic or fundamental approach to managing change. Lewin has been criticized by scholars for over-simplifying the change process and has been defended by others against such charges. However, what has remained unquestioned is the model\u2019s foundational significance. It is sometimes traced (if it is traced at all) to the first article ever published in Human Relations. Based on a comparison of what Lewin wrote about changing as three steps with how this is presented in later works, we argue that he never developed such a model and it took form after his death. We investigate how and why \u2018changing as three steps\u2019 came to be understood as the foundation of the fledgling subfield of change management and to influence change theory and practice to this day, and how questioning this supposed foundation can encourage innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726715577707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T21:39:10Z","timestamp":1443649150000},"page":"33-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin\u2019s legacy for change management"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington, New 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