{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T21:42:57Z","timestamp":1783201377085,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal for the History of Astronomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/002182869802900101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T18:43:48Z","timestamp":1431110628000},"page":"1-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tycho Brahe's Copernican Campaign"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Owen","family":"Gingerich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Voelkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-002182869802900101","volume-title":"Tychonis Brahe Dani opera omnia","author":"Dreyer J. L. E.","year":"1913"},{"issue":"21","key":"bibr2-002182869802900101","first-page":"156","author":"Tycho","year":"1959","journal-title":"De mundi aetherei recentioribus phaenomenis, TBOO"},{"key":"bibr3-002182869802900101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002182867300400105"},{"key":"bibr4-002182869802900101","first-page":"80","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr5-002182869802900101","first-page":"70","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr6-002182869802900101","first-page":"129","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr7-002182869802900101","first-page":"179","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr8-002182869802900101","first-page":"199","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr9-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Donahue William H. (transl.), Johannes Kepler: New Astronomy (Cambridge, 1992), 203."},{"key":"bibr10-002182869802900101","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Sky & telescope","author":"Gingerich Owen","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr11-002182869802900101","first-page":"129","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr12-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Tycho is speaking here of the diurnal parallactic motion and not the predicted daily motion in the ephemerides, as the following tabulation of the positions of Mars makes clear, for in each case the daily motion is exactly the same, namely 24\u2032: 1582 Magini Leovitius Observed December [Prutenics] [Alfonsines] [Tuckerman] 26 19\u00b038\u2032 15\u00b008\u2032 17\u00b042\u2032 27 19\u00b014\u2032 14\u00b044\u2032 17\u00b0 1\u2032 28 18\u00b050\u2032 14\u00b020\u2032 16\u00b054\u2032."},{"key":"bibr13-002182869802900101","first-page":"129","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr14-002182869802900101","unstructured":"The omitted phrase reads: \u201cnow and then at different times both on the meridian and also around setting, and even for another special reason around 24 February 1597, when in the course of one day or another I saw her both in the evening and in the morning (which is otherwise quite rare).\u201d Tycho was quite surprised to see a bright object near the eastern horizon just before dawn on the morning of 24 February, and subsequently realized that it was Venus, which was also in the evening sky. This was possible because Venus was near its maximum latitude of 7\u00b0 north. He did not make any measurements of its position, so despite the insinuation in the letter, this did not afford an occasion to test Venus's parallax. It is interesting that this was a date on which he observed all the night through, working on the diurnal parallax of Mars."},{"key":"bibr15-002182869802900101","first-page":"129","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr16-002182869802900101","unstructured":"See Thoren, \u201cTycho's instruments\u201d (ref. 2), 30\u20134."},{"key":"bibr17-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Ibid., 35; Raeder Hans, Str\u00f6mgren Elis, and Str\u00f6mgren Bengt (transl. and eds), Tycho Brahe's description of his instruments and scientific work (Copenhagen, 1946), 95\u201396 and 72\u201375. Tycho says he built three of the trigonal sextants, one presumably being reworked from the bifurcated sextant."},{"key":"bibr18-002182869802900101","first-page":"160","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr19-002182869802900101","first-page":"204","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr20-002182869802900101","unstructured":"According to Thoren, \u201cTycho's instruments\u201d (ref. 2), 30\u201333, the\n                      quadrans maior\n                      was such a disappointment that it went out of use shortly and was never illustrated. We suggest that the instrument was reworked to become the\n                      quadrans volubilis\n                      at Stjerneborg (Fig. 6 in the\n                      Mechanica\n                      ), just as Tycho had reworked the unsatisfactory\n                      quadrans maximus chalybeus\n                      (Fig. 21) into the\n                      quadrans magnus chabyleus\n                      at Stjerneborg (Fig. 7). See ref. 36."},{"key":"bibr21-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Raeder,  (transl. and eds),\n                      op. cit.\n                      (ref. 16), 96\u201397. Tycho wrote: \u201cFrankly however, no matter how this radius is constructed it cannot \u2026 give stellar distances in accordance with reality, not even smaller distances up to 15 degrees, not to mention the larger ones where the error is still larger\u201d."},{"key":"bibr22-002182869802900101","unstructured":"What Tycho here refers to as the\n                      Quadrans minor\n                      is not the one of this name in his instrument book (Fig. 1), but rather, one of the two brass quadrants (Fig. 2 or 3), which each include an azimuth scale. See Thoren, \u201cTycho's instruments\u201d (ref. 2), 43."},{"key":"bibr23-002182869802900101","first-page":"200","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr24-002182869802900101","first-page":"197","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr25-002182869802900101","first-page":"244","year":"1583","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr26-002182869802900101","first-page":"204","author":"Donahue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal for the history of astronomy"},{"key":"bibr27-002182869802900101","first-page":"80","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr28-002182869802900101","first-page":"85","volume-title":"TBOO","author":"Thoren Victor E.","year":"1584"},{"key":"bibr29-002182869802900101","unstructured":"TBOO\n                      , x, 385; Thoren,\n                      op. cit.\n                      (ref. 27), 425."},{"key":"bibr30-002182869802900101","first-page":"386","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr31-002182869802900101","unstructured":"TBOO, x, 390\u20131. A later note by Dreyer indicates that part of the passage on p. 391 is in Tycho's hand (Corrigenda, p. 430)."},{"key":"bibr32-002182869802900101","first-page":"84","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr33-002182869802900101","first-page":"286","author":"Barker","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr34-002182869802900101","first-page":"58","year":"1578","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr35-002182869802900101","first-page":"235","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr36-002182869802900101","first-page":"324","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr37-002182869802900101","first-page":"330","author":"Thoren","year":"1586","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr38-002182869802900101","first-page":"338","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr39-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Raeder,  (transl. and eds),\n                      op. cit.\n                      (ref. 16), 71."},{"key":"bibr40-002182869802900101","unstructured":"In describing Stjerneborg in the\n                      Mechanica\n                      , Tycho wrote that \u201cMy purpose was partly to have placed some of the most important instruments securely and firmly in order that they should not be exposed to the disturbing influence of the wind, and should be easier to use\u2026\u201d, ibid., 135."},{"key":"bibr41-002182869802900101","unstructured":"In the\n                      Mechanica\n                      Tycho states that \u201cwe have remade most of the instruments described in this book more than once\u201d, ibid., 19."},{"key":"bibr42-002182869802900101","unstructured":"See ref. 36."},{"key":"bibr43-002182869802900101","first-page":"135","year":"1582","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr44-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Mechanica\n                      , Fig. 7, p. 36,\n                      ibid.\n                      , 39; compare with Fig. 21,\n                      ibid.\n                      , 92. Note that the base of the original quadrant was also recycled, to become the base of the great azimuth semicircle, Fig. 8, ibid., 40."},{"key":"bibr45-002182869802900101","first-page":"352","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr46-002182869802900101","unstructured":"The modern value for the refraction at 1\u00b0 is 25\u2032; in the\n                      Progymnasmata\n                      Tycho gives 26\u2032 for the solar refraction and 21 \u00bd\u2032 for stellar refraction, so it is not clear if a compensating calculation for a 3\u2032 solar parallax has been included in the 1585 reduction."},{"key":"bibr47-002182869802900101","first-page":"70","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr48-002182869802900101","unstructured":"For the weather conditions, see the meteorological record in TBOO, ix."},{"key":"bibr49-002182869802900101","first-page":"182","year":"1587","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr50-002182869802900101","first-page":"187","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr51-002182869802900101","first-page":"287","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr52-002182869802900101","first-page":"294","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr53-002182869802900101","unstructured":"TBOO\n                      , xi, 6. Kepler, in his\n                      Astronomiae pars optica\n                      , 123, rather similarly derives a solar refraction table from Tycho's data, using observations from 16 January 1587, TBOO, xi, 193. We thank William Donahue for sending us a preliminary version of his new translation, Johannes Kepler: Optics (Santa Fe, 1998)."},{"key":"bibr54-002182869802900101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0083-6656(74)90003-8"},{"key":"bibr55-002182869802900101","first-page":"223","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr56-002182869802900101","unstructured":"The\n                      TBOO\n                      contains the same error for the refraction at 19\u00b0, 1\u20320\u201d instead of 30\u201d, found in Kepler's\n                      Astronomiae pars optica\n                      (Frankfurt, 1604), 121; this may in some fashion account for Dreyer's error."},{"key":"bibr57-002182869802900101","first-page":"491","author":"Dreyer","year":"1586","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr58-002182869802900101","unstructured":"The earliest date for the availability of the\n                      De mundi aetherei recentioribus phaenomenis\n                      , 1 May 1588, is a presentation inTycho's hand to Andreas Dudith, in the collection of Owen Gingerich."},{"key":"bibr59-002182869802900101","first-page":"156","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr60-002182869802900101","first-page":"179","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr61-002182869802900101","first-page":"199","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr62-002182869802900101","volume-title":"The Wittich connection: Priority and conflict in late sixteenth-century cosmology, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society","author":"Gingerich Owen","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr63-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Called\n                      Q. min.\n                      in the observing logs; see Thoren, \u201cTycho's instruments\u201d (ref. 2), 43."},{"key":"bibr64-002182869802900101","first-page":"380","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr65-002182869802900101","first-page":"64","journal-title":"Progymnasmata, TBOO"},{"key":"bibr66-002182869802900101","first-page":"287","journal-title":"Progymnasmata, TBOO"},{"key":"bibr67-002182869802900101","first-page":"377","year":"1589","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr68-002182869802900101","first-page":"377","year":"1589","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr69-002182869802900101","first-page":"84","year":"1586","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr70-002182869802900101","first-page":"379","year":"1589","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr71-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Allen C. W., Astrophysical quantities (3rd edn, London, 1973), 125."},{"key":"bibr72-002182869802900101","first-page":"89","author":"Rothmann","year":"1590","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr73-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Fol. 49 of\n                      Observationum stellarum fixarum\n                      (Ms Astron. 5, No. 7: Landesbibliothek und Murhardsche Bibliothek der Stadt Kassel), completed after 1588, and probably in the summer of 1589. We thank Peter Barker for providing a copy of the table and this information."},{"key":"bibr74-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Only a small fraction of the letters surely written by Tycho seem to survive; for example, there are only two known from Tycho in 1594, in 1595, and in 1596."},{"key":"bibr75-002182869802900101","first-page":"383","journal-title":"Progymnasmata, TBOO"},{"key":"bibr76-002182869802900101","first-page":"175:41","journal-title":"TBOO"},{"key":"bibr77-002182869802900101","first-page":"320","journal-title":"Progymnasmata, TBOO"},{"key":"bibr78-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Nielsen Lauritz, Tycho Brahes Bogtrykkeri (Copenhagen, 1946), 31\u201340. We thank Kirsti Anderson for her assistence with this reference."},{"key":"bibr79-002182869802900101","unstructured":"See Christianson's John R. forthcoming On Tycho's island: The birth of big science, 1570\u20131601."},{"key":"bibr80-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Donahue (transl.),\n                      op. cit.\n                      (ref. 8), 200."},{"key":"bibr81-002182869802900101","unstructured":"Johannes Kepler Gesammelte Werke, i (Munich, 1938), 119: 41\u2013120: 23."},{"key":"bibr82-002182869802900101","unstructured":"TBOO\n                      , vii, 127\u201341; Dreyer gives as citations for the letter, Nicolsburgensis and Parisiensis. The latter, in the Bullialdus collection in the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, is only a fragment and does not include this portion. The Dietrichstein Library in Castle Nikolsburg (near Vienna?) was dispersed by auction in 1933, but the auction catalogue does not indicate the sale of manuscript letters. The late Doris Hellman acquired a sixteenth-century copy of a Tycho letter to Peucer, possibly this one, but it has not been identified among the 30-some boxes of her papers at Columbia University Library. The letter was first quoted (with a number of variants) by Maestlin Michael as mentioned in our text, again by Gassendi Petrus in his biography Tychonis Brahei, equitis Dani, vita (Paris, 1654), 62, and first published in full, with idiosyncratic punctuation, in Resenius Johannis Petrus, Inscriptiones Haffnienses \u2026 nec non duabus epistolis una Tychonis Brahe ad Peucerum missa \u2026 (Copenhagen, 1668), 392\u2013409."},{"key":"bibr83-002182869802900101","first-page":"439","journal-title":"Kepler Gesammelte Werke"}],"container-title":["Journal for the History of Astronomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002182869802900101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002182869802900101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:18:45Z","timestamp":1777501125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002182869802900101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002182869802900101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002182869802900101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8286","1753-8556"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8286","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-8556","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}}}