{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:50:11Z","timestamp":1740981011239,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cellular Plastics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Recent changes in legislation have forced one-component foam producers to drop the amount of free monomeric isocyanate in their polyurethane systems.\u00a0Also, it is required that commercial polyurethane aerosol cans exhibit at least one year of shelf life and polyurethane foams must be classified as B2 on the fire testing following DIN 4102. This paper reports on a systematic optimization study of polyurethane formulations dedicated to address these current industry requirements. A one-component foam system exhibiting simultaneously all of these parameters was achieved by reacting conventional diols, a relatively low-molecular weight monol (2-ethylhexanol), a flame retardant high-molecular weight monol (tris(bromoneopentyl)alcohol), a methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-based prepolymer (GreenAdduct 13), and a small amount of 2,4\u2032-toluene diisocyanate. The use of monols allows producing prepolymers with low free methylene diphenyl diisocyanate by preventing chain extension and, therefore, avoiding extreme viscosity build-up. Toluene diisocyanate also promotes a lower viscosity inside the aerosol can, which enables the use of high enough quantities of high-molecular weight flame retardant monol to achieve a B2 fire test classification. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0021955x16639230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T18:24:02Z","timestamp":1460139842000},"page":"167-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Polyurethane one-component foam formulation optimization for low free isocianate monomer content"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Ana C","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Atl\u00e2ntica, F\u00e1brica da P\u00f3lvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenseal Research, Ltd, Parque Industrial de Vendas Novas, Vendas Novas, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenseal Research, Ltd, Parque Industrial de Vendas Novas, Vendas Novas, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sarga\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenseal Research, Ltd, Parque Industrial de Vendas Novas, Vendas Novas, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Simoes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites \u2013 IPC\/I3N, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave, Campus do IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aster","family":"De Schrijver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenseal Research, Ltd, Parque Industrial de Vendas Novas, Vendas Novas, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o C","family":"Bordado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0021955X16639230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.12.002"},{"volume-title":"MDI and TDI: safety, health and the environment. 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Switzerland: Aster De Schrijver, 2012, pp. 20\u201340."},{"key":"bibr7-0021955X16639230","unstructured":"Mimoso B, Bordado JC and Gomes JP. LPG concentration influence on straw applied winter PU OCF. Saarbrucken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013 \u2013 ISBN 978-3-659-31538-1."},{"key":"bibr8-0021955X16639230","unstructured":"Meltzer YL. Urethane foams: technology and applications. Noyes Data Corp, 2007."},{"key":"bibr9-0021955X16639230","unstructured":"Bordado JC, Gil MH, Ferreira P, et\u00a0al. S\u00edntese de poliuretanos. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra: Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es em Qu\u00edmica de Pol\u00edmeros, 2004."},{"key":"bibr10-0021955X16639230","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Chemical characterization of polyurethanes","author":"Forrest MJ","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr11-0021955X16639230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0518(20000715)38:14<2555::AID-POLA60>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"bibr12-0021955X16639230","unstructured":"Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate, European Union, Summary Risk Assessment Report, in JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, European Commission, 2010."},{"key":"bibr13-0021955X16639230","unstructured":"TDI Classification and labelling according to regulation (EC) No 1272\/2008 of the European Parliament and of the council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, as amended up to third Adaptation to Technical Progress Commission Regulation (EU) No 618\/2012. Brussels: European Diisocyanate and Polyol Producers Association. Avaiable at: http:\/\/www.isopa.org\/media\/1204\/new-tdi-cl-requirements-april-2013.pdf (Revised April 2013, accessed 21 March 2016)."},{"key":"bibr14-0021955X16639230","unstructured":"Verstegen J, Vervoort B and Geboes P. Improved polyurethane foam composition. European patent, EP 2594594 A1, 2013."},{"key":"bibr15-0021955X16639230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01163E"},{"key":"bibr16-0021955X16639230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073490419201000602"},{"key":"bibr17-0021955X16639230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10363"},{"key":"bibr18-0021955X16639230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/047007907X"},{"volume-title":"Flexible polyurethane foams","year":"1998","author":"Herrington R","key":"bibr19-0021955X16639230"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cellular Plastics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0021955X16639230","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0021955X16639230","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0021955X16639230","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T19:09:44Z","timestamp":1740942584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0021955X16639230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0021955X16639230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0021955x16639230","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-955X","1530-7999"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-955X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-7999"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]]}}}