{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T09:47:44Z","timestamp":1777801664557,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]],"date-time":"2014-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Composite Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many of the techniques developed to assess structural damage are based on experimental modal analysis. This paper presents a study to extend the current understanding of how increasing damage in a carbon fiber reinforced plastic affects the modal damping factor of a laminated structure. Damage is introduced and quantified in terms of the dissipated energy. It is shown that there is a tendency for the overall damping to increase whereas there is a tendency for the overall stiffness to decrease. While these results are not novel, the former is quite relevant, since the authors are not aware of many other experimental studies on the evolution of the modal damping factor with damage in carbon fiber reinforced plastic. At the same time, a modal-based damage location technique that combines both the natural frequencies and the modal damping factors as damage sensitive features is discussed. The hypothesis that different damage morphologies on composite materials have different contributions to the damage features is drawn. The methods are illustrated with both numerical and experimental examples. One of the problems observed is that, although damping is consistently found to increase globally with damage, the determination of the individual changes of the modal damping factors is still very uncertain. This may be due to concurrent damage types being present at the same time, but most certainly due to uncertainties involved in the identification of the modal damping factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998314547526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T02:02:32Z","timestamp":1408068152000},"page":"2403-2413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An experimental study on the evolution of modal damping with damage in carbon fiber laminates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Diogo","family":"Montalv\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Karanatsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio MR","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Arina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Patterson J. New large aricraft composite firefighting, http:\/\/www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov\/safety\/bagot2.asp (accessed July 2013)."},{"key":"bibr2-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02319362"},{"key":"bibr3-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Jacob PJ, Desforges MJ and Ball AD. Analysis of suitable wavelet coefficients for identification of the simulated failure of composite materials. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on structural damage assessment using advanced signal processing procedures (DAMAS 97)\n                      , England, 1997, pp.31\u201340. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press."},{"key":"bibr4-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews FL. Damage in fiber reinforced plastics; its nature, consequences and detection. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on damage assessment of structures (DAMAS 99)\n                      , Dublin, Ireland, 1999, pp.1\u201316. Enfield, UK: Trans Tech Publications.","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.167-168.1"},{"key":"bibr5-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Silva AJPF.\n                      Propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de Delaminagem em Comp\u00f3sitos de Matriz Polim\u00e9rica\n                      . PhD Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, 2001."},{"key":"bibr6-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Carvalho RJS.\n                      Resist\u00eancia Residual de um Comp\u00f3sito de Matriz Ep\u00f3x\u00eddica refor\u00e7ado por Fibras de Carbono ap\u00f3s Repara\u00e7\u00e3o\n                      . PhD Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal, 2003."},{"key":"bibr7-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrate S.\n                      Impact on composite structures\n                      . New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1998.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511574504"},{"key":"bibr8-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zak A, Krawczuk M and Ostachowicz W. Vibration of a laminated composite plate with closing delamination. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on damage assessment of structures (DAMAS 99)\n                      , Dublin, Ireland, 1999, pp.17\u201326. Enfield, UK: Trans Tech Publications.","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.167-168.17"},{"key":"bibr9-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0583102406065898"},{"key":"bibr10-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/03093247V142049"},{"key":"bibr11-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Keye S, Rose M and Sachau D. Localizing delamination damages in aircraft panels from modal damping parameters. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 19th international modal analysis conference (IMAC XIX)\n                      , Kissimmee, Florida, 2001, pp.412\u2013417. Bethel, Connecticut, USA: Society for Experimental Mechanics."},{"key":"bibr12-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2004.01.003"},{"key":"bibr13-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998304045590"},{"key":"bibr14-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1999.2624"},{"key":"bibr15-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-8223(96)00005-0"},{"key":"bibr16-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2007.10.024"},{"key":"bibr17-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2008.08.011"},{"key":"bibr18-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-011-9472-5"},{"key":"bibr19-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Rytter A.\n                      Vibration based inspection of civil engineering structures.\n                      PhD Thesis, Aalborg University, Denmark, 1993."},{"key":"bibr20-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998309360942"},{"key":"bibr21-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.02.024"},{"key":"bibr22-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2004.06.037"},{"key":"bibr23-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.05.005"},{"key":"bibr24-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2009.07.008"},{"key":"bibr25-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Montalv\u00e3o D.\n                      A modal-based contribution to damage location in laminated composite plates.\n                      PhD Thesis, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal: Technical University of Lisbon, 2010."},{"key":"bibr26-0021998314547526","first-page":"191","volume":"9","author":"Maia NMM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Anal Exp Modal Anal"},{"key":"bibr27-0021998314547526","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.10.050"},{"key":"bibr28-0021998314547526","unstructured":"Rilo NF, Ferreira LMS and Leal RACP. Low-velocity impact analysis of glass\/epoxy plates. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 5th international conference on mechanics and materials in design (M2D\u20192006)\n                      , 2006. 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