{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:38:58Z","timestamp":1774946338743,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural differences in emotional expression and despite the fact that it has been more than 30 years since this concept was coined, there is yet to be a study that surveys display rules across a wide range of cultures. This article reports such a study. More than 5,000 respondents in 32 countries completed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory. The authors examined five hypotheses concerning the relationship between display rules and individualism-collectivism (IC). The findings indicated the existence of several universal effects, including greater expression toward in-groups versus out-groups, and an overall regulation effect. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures differed on overall expressivity endorsement and in norms concerning specific emotions in in-group and out-group situations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022107311854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,19]],"date-time":"2008-01-19T01:42:04Z","timestamp":1200706924000},"page":"55-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":606,"title":["Mapping Expressive Differences Around the World"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University,"}]},{"family":"Seung Hee Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022103260382"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490840"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"217","volume":"6","author":"Au, K.","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Management"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Visualization of categorical data","author":"Blasius, J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.1.111"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2711-1"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.36.020185.001251"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Matching configurations","author":"Commandeur, J.J.F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation","author":"Ekman, P."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/semi.1969.1.1.49"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Unmasking the face; a guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues","author":"Ekman, P.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.2.221"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.00737.x"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values","author":"Hofstede, G.H.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations","author":"Hofstede, G.H.","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397103259443"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00931.x"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.288"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999399379168"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications","author":"Kim, U.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999399379159"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00995569"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10417949109372824"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00995188"},{"key":"atypb26","author":"Matsumoto, D. (in press).","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.4.529"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Culture and psychology","author":"Matsumoto, D.","year":"2007","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb29","first-page":"237","volume":"2","author":"Matsumoto, D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-839X.00010"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.1.23"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.T. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 139-153). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.000401"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.1.3"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-1767(97)00036-9"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02250566"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.4.574"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00047.x"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, S.H. (2004). Mapping and interpreting cultural differences around the world. In H. Vinken, J. Soeters, & P. Ester (Eds.), Comparing cultures, dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective (pp. 43-73). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789047412977_007"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022101032003002"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022196272006"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022196272001"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.2.482"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"New directions in social psychology: Individualism and collectivism","author":"Triandis, H.C.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.2.323"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.1.79"},{"key":"atypb48","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, S. (1994). Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self. In U. Kim & H. C. Triandis (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (Vol. 18, pp. 175-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022022107311854","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022022107311854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T08:27:37Z","timestamp":1738052857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022022107311854"}},"subtitle":["The Relationship Between Emotional Display Rules and Individualism Versus Collectivism"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022022107311854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022107311854","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0221","1552-5422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0221","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5422","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}}}