{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T06:35:30Z","timestamp":1773556530215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,4]],"date-time":"2010-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Hofstede identified four value dimensions at the country level but did not find matching dimensions at the individual level. Schwartz discriminated different sets of value constructs at individual and country-levels, based on separate analyses per level. In this article, the authors directly examine the degree of similarity or isomorphism between the structure of values in individual- and country-level analyses, using multidimensional scaling followed by generalized Procrustes analysis. Using data from the Schwartz Value Survey from 53 and 66 countries, the authors find substantial similarity in structure across levels, but indices fall somewhat short of structural isomorphism. The authors then test hypotheses regarding possible causes of the less than perfect isomorphism between the levels. Number of countries (sample size at country level) and structural shifts in individual items account for some of the lack of isomorphism. Implications for future cross-cultural research are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022109354377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,4]],"date-time":"2010-02-04T22:41:59Z","timestamp":1265323319000},"page":"135-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Are Individual-Level and Country-Level Value Structures Different? Testing Hofstede\u2019s Legacy With the Schwartz Value Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ronald","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University Wellington & Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Wellington, New Zealand,"}]},{"given":"C.-Melanie","family":"Vauclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University Wellington & Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Wellington, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Johnny R. J.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Shalom H.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; and University of Bergen, Norway"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(86)90008-5"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428107301102"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Making scientific sense of cultural differences in psychological outcomes: Unpackaging the magnum mysterium","author":"Bond, M.H."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2711-1"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428105280056"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Matching configurations","author":"Commandeur, J.J.F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Theory-testing in organizational behavior: The \"variant\" approach","author":"Dansereau, F.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470595808101154"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.05.008"},{"key":"atypb10","author":"Fischer, R.","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Culturele Vertekening in Schwartz\u2019 Waardeninstrument: Een Exemplarisch Onderzoek naar Culturele Vertekening in Sociaal-Psychologische en Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijsten [Cultural bias in Schwartz\u2019 value instrument: An exemplary research on cultural bias in social-psychological and personality questionnaires]","author":"Fontaine, J.R.J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Traditional and multilevel approaches in cross-cultural research: An integration of methodological frameworks","author":"Fontaine, J.R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Multilevel structural equivalence","author":"Fontaine, J.J.R."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022108318112"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Culture\u2019s consequences: International differences in work-related values","author":"Hofstede, G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Culture\u2019s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations","author":"Hofstede, G.","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/017084069301400402"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0039-0402.2003.00252.x"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Motivation and personality","author":"Maslow, A.H.","year":"1954"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"525","volume":"70","author":"Mc Crae, R.R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022100031003001"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124194022003006"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Mylonas, K., Pavlopoulos, V. & Georgas, J. ( 2008). Multilevel structure analysis for family-related constructs . In F. J. R. Van de Vijver, D. A. Van Hemert, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Individuals and cultures in multilevel analysis (pp. 345-377). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164497057001003"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.10.006"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60281-6"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Schwartz, S.H. ( 1994). Beyond individualism-collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi , S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, S.H. ( 2004). Mapping and interpreting cultural differences around the world. In H. Vinken, J. Soeters, & P. 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