{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:26:00Z","timestamp":1774254360364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Curie Fellowship","award":["PIRG08-GA-2010-276809 to C-MV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIRG08-GA-2010-276809 to C-MV"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["to HD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["to HD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article examines the relationship of stable contextual differences and contextual change with the endorsement of Schwartz\u2019s (1992) two basic value dimensions\u2014Openness-to-Change versus Conservation and Self-Enhancement versus Self-Transcendence. Using six waves of the European Social Survey, an extension of multilevel analysis is used which combines both a cross-national comparative and a dynamic analysis of values. The hierarchical data structure and the covariates for value endorsement are defined at three distinct levels: a first level for individuals (with sociodemographic variables, such as age and gender), a second level for country-waves (with time-varying covariates), and a third level for country (with time-invariant covariates). The main aim is to determine if changes in contextual covariates over time are related to value differences between countries over and above contextual time-invariant covariates. High national wealth and low income inequality predicted high Self-Transcendence values and low Conservation values. Low national unemployment rates were associated with less conservatism. When entered simultaneously into the model, only time-invariant differences in gross domestic product (GDP) remained to be a significant predictor of Schwartz\u2019s two basic value dimensions. Finally, we found that an increase in income inequality over time has a certain incremental effect on the endorsement of Conservation over Openness-to-Change values. There were no associations for changes in national wealth and unemployment rates, suggesting that for value endorsement, time-varying contextual effects are less important overall than time-invariant contextual effects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117692675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,25]],"date-time":"2017-02-25T06:05:34Z","timestamp":1488002734000},"page":"490-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Does Contextual Change Affect Basic Human Values? 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