{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T13:23:00Z","timestamp":1772716980934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions ( N\u2009=\u200933,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB\u2019s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022121997997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T12:11:27Z","timestamp":1614859887000},"page":"231-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2566-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Bosson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9958-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Jurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Vandello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"}]},{"given":"Natasza","family":"Kosakowska-Berezecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Olech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Besta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands"},{"name":"Gratia Christian College, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Hoorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Timur Sevincer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University, USA"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph, Canada"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Chile"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zawisza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u017badkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Abuhamdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Sehir University, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Badu Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Ghana"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcl\u00e7in","family":"Akba\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atilim University, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Nihan","family":"Albayrak-Aydemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science, UK"}]},{"given":"Soline","family":"Ammirati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, France"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Catholic University, Australia"},{"name":"La Trobe University, Australia"}]},{"given":"Gulnaz","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Business Administration Karachi, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Amarina","family":"Ariyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Indonesia, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jamir Benzon R. 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