{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T19:05:15Z","timestamp":1776193515130,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/IVC-SOC\/3533\/2014 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/IVC-SOC\/3533\/2014 - POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/111641\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/111641\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Industrial Relations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional actors such as trade unions are inevitably challenged by digital technologies, not only from the perspective of labor relations, but also in relation to outreach and communications strategies. In fact, as online and offline realities become increasingly intertwined, the presence of organized labor institutions within the Internet\u2019s current networked environment is unavoidable. This article debates digital trade unionism as a strategy for trade union renewal, particularly the implications of using social media platforms to connect and interact with a broader audience beyond the labor movement. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis of the Facebook pages of six trade union confederations from Brazil, Canada, Portugal, and the UK, we find that despite the possibilities for horizontal dialogue enabled by the new digital communication and information technologies, trade union confederations maintain an outdated \u2018one-way\u2019 model of communication, hindering opportunities to reach and engage with both union and non-union actors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022185620979337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T23:40:51Z","timestamp":1608766851000},"page":"26-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Digital unionism as a renewal strategy? Social media use by trade union confederations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7957-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bia","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hermes Augusto","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199270149.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671052"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203357019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","volume-title":"European Trade Unionism: From Crisis to Renewal","author":"Bernaciak M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bernaciak M, Gumbrell-McCormick R, Hyman R (2014) European Trade Unionism: From Crisis to Renewal? Brussels: European Trade Union Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal PA (2012) The Right to Online Identity. Available at: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2143138 (accessed 1 December 2020).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2143138"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieler A (2014) Transnational Labour Solidarity in (the) Crisis. Global Labour Journal 5(2): 114\u201333.","DOI":"10.15173\/glj.v5i2.1154"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00236561003654719"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315624044"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro B (2018) Trade Unions and Facebook: The Need to Improve Dialogue and Expand Networks ETUI Research Paper - Policy Brief 5\/2018 Brussels: European Trade Union Institute.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3211823"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","volume-title":"Communication Power","author":"Castells M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castells M (2009) Communication Power. Oxford. University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","volume-title":"Redes de Indignacao e Esperan\u00e7a: Movimentos Sociais na Era da Internet","author":"Castells M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castells M (2013) Redes de Indignacao e Esperan\u00e7a: Movimentos Sociais na Era da Internet. Lisbon: Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chivers W Blakely H Davie S (2017) Investigating the patterns and prevalence of UK trade unionism on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society (#SMSociety17) 28\u201330 July 2017. Toronto ON Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3097286.3097315"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/1031464ar"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","unstructured":"Costa HA (2017) Sindicalismo e atores sociolaborais em contexto de austeridade: Do voluntarismo dos protestos ao receio das alian\u00e7as. An\u00e1lise Social 224; LII(3): 662\u2013688."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14213\/inteuniorigh.25.3.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Social Movements and Organized Labor: Passions and Interests","author":"Costa HA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Costa HA, Estanque E (2019) Trade unions and social movements at the crossroads: A Portuguese view. In: Grote JR, Wagemann C (eds) Social Movements and Organized Labor: Passions and Interests. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 149\u2013170."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1024258916673533"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","unstructured":"Dahlgren P (2013) Participation and alternative democracy: Social media and their contingencies. In: Serra P Camilo EJM and Gon\u00e7alves G (eds) Participa\u00e7\u00e3o Pol\u00edtica e Web 2.0. Covilh\u00e3: LabCom Books pp. 61\u201385."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","unstructured":"Darlington R (2004) The creation of the E-Union: The use of ICT by BritishUnions. E-Union Fringe Meeting at the Connect Union Annual Conference Liverpool 12 June 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degryse C (2016) Digitalisation of the Economy and its Impact on Labor Markets. Working Paper. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2730550"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1631371"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8543.00247"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262015103.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/38588"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Social movement unionism and neoliberalism in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: Shifting logics of collective action in telemarketing labor unions","volume":"6","author":"Flores D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Flores D, Silva F\u00e1bio PM, Vaneti Vitor C, et\u00a0al. (2011) Social movement unionism and neoliberalism in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: Shifting logics of collective action in telemarketing labor unions. Societies Without Borders 6(1): 73\u2013101.","journal-title":"Societies Without Borders"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0160449X13506061"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frege CM and Kelly J (2003) Union Revitalization Strategies in Comparative Perspective. European Journal of Industrial Relations 9(1): 7\u201324.","DOI":"10.1177\/095968010391002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi2010041"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irj.12190"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2338.00275"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Trade unions, digitalisation and the self-employed \u2013 Inclusion or exclusion? Transfer","volume":"23","author":"Haake G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haake G (2017) Trade unions, digitalisation and the self-employed \u2013 Inclusion or exclusion? Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23(1): 63\u201366.","journal-title":": European Review of Labour and Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.2010.00327.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0950017005051295"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9789-8_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8543.2009.00743.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ntwe.12055"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ntwe.12154"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","unstructured":"Holsti O (1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","volume-title":"Labor in the Global Digital Economy: The Cybertariat Comes of Age","author":"Huws U","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huws U (2014) Labor in the Global Digital Economy: The Cybertariat Comes of Age. New York: Monthly Review Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1024258910373863"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022185616677558"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","article-title":"Focus on Industry 4.0.","volume":"25","author":"International Centre for Trade Union Rights (ICTUR","year":"2018","unstructured":"International Centre for Trade Union Rights (ICTUR) (2018) Focus on Industry 4.0. International Union Rights 25(3).","journal-title":"International Union Rights"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24914-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","unstructured":"Kagermann H Wahlster W Helbi J (2013) Recommendations for Implementing the Strategic Initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0. Office of the Industry-Science Research Alliance."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjir.12010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","volume-title":"Estrat\u00e9gias Sindicais Inovadoras","author":"Kloosterboer D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kloosterboer D (2008) Estrat\u00e9gias Sindicais Inovadoras. Lisbon: Instituto Ruben Rolo and Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Friedrich Ebert."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","volume-title":"Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology","author":"Krippendorff K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krippendorff K (2013) Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology, 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landis J and Koch G (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1): 159\u2013174.","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167742"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","unstructured":"Lee E (2000) The Internet belongs to every one. Available at: http:\/\/www.labourstart.org\/icann\/ericleebook.shtml (accessed 1 December 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Labour and Globalization: Results and Prospects","author":"Lee E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee E (2004) Towards global networked unions. In: Munck R (ed.) Labour and Globalization: Results and Prospects. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 71\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14213\/inteuniorigh.25.3.0024"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1024258910373867"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305117735752"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","volume-title":"Introducing Digital Sociology","author":"Lupton D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lupton D (2013) Introducing Digital Sociology. Sydney: University of Sydney."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","unstructured":"Macnamara J (2005) Media content analysis: Its uses benefits and best practice methodology. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal 6: 1\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1024258916677880"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-005X.2009.00223.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","volume-title":"How Liberals and Conservatives Keep Up with Politics","author":"Mitchell A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell A, Weisel R (2014) Political Polarization & Media Habits: From Fox News to Facebook, How Liberals and Conservatives Keep Up with Politics. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Union renewal: What can we learn from three decades of research? Transfer","volume":"23","author":"Murray G","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray G (2017) Union renewal: What can we learn from three decades of research? Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23(1): 9\u201329.","journal-title":": European Review of Labour and Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","unstructured":"Neuendorf K (2002) The content analysis guidebook. Newbury Park CA: SAGE."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly T (2005) What Is Web 2.0. Available at: www.oreilly.com\/pub\/a\/web2\/archive\/what-is-web-20.html?page=5 (accessed 1 December 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjir.12060"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","unstructured":"Pasquier V Wood A (2018) The power of social media as a labour campaigning tool: Lessons from OUR Walmart and the fight for 15. European Trade Union Institute Policy Brief 10\/2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","volume-title":"Collective in the Platform Economy: Challenges, Opportunities, Solutions","author":"Prassl J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prassl J (2018) Collective in the Platform Economy: Challenges, Opportunities, Solutions. Brussels: European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8358.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959680113516405"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1024258916655761"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rieder B (2013) Studying Facebook via data extraction: The Netvizz application. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference pp.346\u2013355. ACM. 2\u20134 May 2013 Paris France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2464464.2464475"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8718.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_1","volume-title":"Report of the Director-General, Report I\/International Labour Conference, 104th Session","author":"Ryder G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ryder G (2015) The Future of Work \u2013 Centenary Initiative. Report of the Director-General, Report I\/International Labour Conference, 104th Session. Geneva: International Labour Office."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_1","unstructured":"Schein EH (1985) Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520913974"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_1","unstructured":"Sinclair S Rockwell G (2020) Voyant Tools. Available at: https:\/\/voyant-tools.org (accessed 1 July 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180902914610"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_1","unstructured":"Stone PJ (1964) An introduction to the general inquirer: A computer system for the study of spoken or written material (Unpublished paper). Harvard University and Simulmatics Corp. 1968."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_1","volume-title":"Power in Coalition: Strategies for Strong Unions and Social Change","author":"Tattersall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tattersall (2010) Power in Coalition: Strategies for Strong Unions and Social Change. New York: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508415598248"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenduc G Vendramin P (2016) Work in the Digital Economy: Sorting the Old from the New. Working Paper. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2770405"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandaele K (2018) Will Trade Unions Survive in the Platform Economy? Emerging Patterns of Platform Workers\u2019 Collective Voice and Representation in Europe. Working Paper. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3198546"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandaele K Leschke J (2010) Following the \u2018Organizing Model\u2019 of British Unions? Organising Non-standard Workers in Germany and the Netherlands. Working Paper. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2264064"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_85_1","volume-title":"ICTWSS Data Base: Version 6.1","author":"Visser J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Visser J (2019) ICTWSS Data Base: Version 6.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies AIAS."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_1","volume-title":"Globalisation, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms","author":"Waterman P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Waterman P (1998) Globalisation, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms. London: Mansell\/Continuum."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jwsr.2004.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_88_1","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Trabalhar o Mundo: Os Caminhos do novo Internacionalismo Oper\u00e1rio","author":"Webster E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Webster E, Lambert R (2004) Emancipa\u00e7\u00e3o social e novo internacionalismo oper\u00e1rio: Uma perspectiva do Sul. In: Santos BS (ed.) Trabalhar o Mundo: Os Caminhos do novo Internacionalismo Oper\u00e1rio. Porto: Afrontamento, pp. 65\u2013111."}],"container-title":["Journal of Industrial Relations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022185620979337","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022185620979337","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022185620979337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:33:56Z","timestamp":1767688436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022185620979337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022185620979337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022185620979337","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1856","1472-9296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1856","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-9296","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}