{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:07:46Z","timestamp":1770786466467,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article contributes to our understanding of transboundary environmental management regimes through the application of an analytical framework that facilitates an exploration of the co-existence of conflict and cooperation. Rather than framing conflict and cooperation as mutually exclusive states at opposite ends of a spectrum, we seek to understand the ways in which cooperation can exist at the same time as conflict. We apply this framework to a study of conservation management in a transboundary area at the intersection of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. We identify two actual and one hypothetical phase of conflict\u2013cooperation relations, in a landscape notorious for some of the worst violence of the last two decades. We map the evolution of phases of transboundary protected area management against the evolving security context, and we find that this approach has greater explanatory power than previous approaches that polarize conflict and cooperation. In particular, it helps us to understand the drivers of environmental cooperation, including the evolving characteristics of that cooperation. This new way of understanding the relationship between environmental management and security also enables us to reconsider the potential for environmental management to be instrumental in working towards interstate security objectives, for example through peace parks. We don\u2019t find that the \u2018low politics\u2019 of environmental management should be seen as a predictable and manageable determinant of international relations. But an understanding of the coexistence of conflict and cooperation does also point to a more complex, non-linear relationship between low and high politics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343311412410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,22]],"date-time":"2011-09-22T05:22:12Z","timestamp":1316668932000},"page":"621-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Understanding the co-existence of conflict and cooperation: Transboundary ecosystem management in the Virunga Massif"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East Anglia"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Rutagarama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Gorilla Conservation Programme"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Casc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm International Water Institute"}]},{"given":"Maryke","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Gorilla Conservation Programme"}]},{"given":"Vasudha","family":"Chhotray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East Anglia"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021012144490500_bibr1-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7433.001.0001","volume-title":"Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution","author":"Ali","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(3\u20134)","key":"2026021012144490500_bibr2-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1300\/J091v16n03_08","article-title":"Legal mechanisms for addressing wartime damage to tropical forests","volume":"16","author":"Austin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Sustainable Forestry"},{"key":"2026021012144490500_bibr3-0022343311412410","article-title":"Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, College Park","volume-title":"Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB), 1948\u20131978","author":"Azar","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026021012144490500_bibr4-0022343311412410","first-page":"76","article-title":"Environmental degradation and violent conflict: Hypotheses, research agendas and theory-building","volume-title":"Ecology, Politics and Violent Conflict","author":"Baechler","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026021012144490500_bibr5-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-5503-1","volume-title":"Natural Resources and Violent Conflicts: Options and Actions","author":"Bannon","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026021012144490500_bibr6-0022343311412410","volume-title":"The Meaning of Environmental Security: Ecological Politics in the New Security Era","author":"Barnett","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021012144490500_bibr7-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2307\/2010513","article-title":"High Politics is Low Politics: The domestic and systemic sources of Israeli security policy, 1967\u20131977","volume":"42","author":"Barnett","year":"1990","journal-title":"World Politics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026021012144490500_bibr8-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343391028004006","article-title":"Peace through parks: The environment on the peace research agenda","volume":"28","author":"Brock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"key":"2026021012144490500_bibr9-0022343311412410","volume-title":"Nature Unbound: Conservation, Capitalism and the Future of Protected Areas","author":"Brockington","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026021012144490500_bibr10-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1080\/00045600903202855","article-title":"Territorial tensions: Rainforest conservation, post-conflict recovery, and land tenure in Liberia","volume":"99","author":"Brottem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021012144490500_bibr11-0022343311412410","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conjunctions of governance: The state and the conservation\u2013development nexus in Southern Africa","volume":"4","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026021012144490500_bibr12-0022343311412410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0043","article-title":"Regional ecology, ecosystem geography, and transboundary protected areas in the St","volume":"15","author":"Danby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Elias mountains. 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