{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:16:40Z","timestamp":1776698200171,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The 3Rs principle of replacement, reduction, and refinement has increasingly been endorsed by legislators and regulatory bodies as the best approach to tackle the ethical dilemma presented by animal experimentation in which the potential benefits for humans stand against the costs borne by the animals. Even when animal use is tightly regulated and supervised, the individual researcher\u2019s responsibility is still decisive in the implementation of the 3Rs. Training in laboratory animal science (LAS) aims to raise researchers\u2019 awareness and increase their knowledge, but its effect on scientists\u2019 attitudes and practice has not so far been systematically assessed. Participants ( n\u2009=\u2009206) in eight LAS courses (following the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations category C recommendations) in Portugal were surveyed in a self-administered questionnaire during the course. Questions were related mainly to the 3Rs and their application, attitudes to animal use and the ethical review of animal experiments. One year later, all the respondents were asked to answer a similar questionnaire (57% response rate) with added self-evaluation questions on the impact of training. Our results suggest that the course is effective in promoting awareness and increasing knowledge of the 3Rs, particularly with regard to refinement. However, participation in the course did not change perceptions on the current and future needs for animal use in research. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677213498717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,13]],"date-time":"2013-08-13T01:09:51Z","timestamp":1376356191000},"page":"50-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Scientists and the 3Rs: attitudes to animal use in biomedical research and the effect of mandatory training in laboratory animal science"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"NH","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Laboratory Animal Science Group), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"IAS","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Laboratory Animal Science Group), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0023677213498717","volume-title":"The principles of humane experimental technique","author":"Russell WMS","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr2-0023677213498717","first-page":"50","volume":"34","author":"Banks RE","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr3-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367798780600016"},{"key":"bibr4-0023677213498717","unstructured":"European Commission. Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. In: Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels: EC, 2010, pp. 33\u201379."},{"key":"bibr5-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367700780384672"},{"key":"bibr6-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367795780740177"},{"key":"bibr7-0023677213498717","unstructured":"Hau J. Humane endpoints and the importance of training. In: Hendriksen CFM and Morton DB (eds) Humane endpoints in animal experiments for biomedical research \u2013 Proceedings of the International Conference, 22\u201325 November 1998, Zeist, The Netherlands. London: RSM Press, 1999, pp. 71\u201374."},{"key":"bibr8-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600029651"},{"key":"bibr9-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.43.Suppl_1.S74"},{"key":"bibr10-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290503300404"},{"key":"bibr11-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0023677011911462"},{"key":"bibr12-0023677213498717","unstructured":"NC3Rs. Views on the 3Rs \u2013 Survey Report 2008. National Centre for the Replacement Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, www.nc3rs.org.uk\/opinionsurvey (2008, last accessed April 2012)."},{"key":"bibr13-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022478"},{"key":"bibr14-0023677213498717","author":"Rowan A","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Scientist"},{"key":"bibr15-0023677213498717","first-page":"13","volume":"28","author":"Stephens M","year":"2011","journal-title":"ALTEX Proc"},{"key":"bibr16-0023677213498717","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.40.3.97"},{"key":"bibr17-0023677213498717","unstructured":"Hansen AK, Sand\u00f8e P, Svendsen O, Forsman B and Thomson P. The need to refine the notion of reduction. In: Hendriksen C and Morton D (eds) Humane endpoints in animal experiments for biomedical research research \u2013 Proceedings of the International Conference, 22\u201325 November 1998, Zeist, The Netherlands. London: RSM Press, 1999, pp. 139\u2013144."},{"key":"bibr18-0023677213498717","unstructured":"Olsson IAS, Franco NH, Weary DM and Sandoe P. The 3Rs principle \u2013 mind the ethical gap! In: ALTEX Proceedings: Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Montreal 2011. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012; pp 333\u2013336."},{"key":"bibr19-0023677213498717","unstructured":"Basel Declaration Society. 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