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Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effects of ketamine alone and in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on emotional reactivity, as well as the effects on learning and memory in adult rats at least 48\u2009h after anaesthesia. The evaluation of the potential influence of 100\u2009mg\/kg ketamine administered alone and in combination with midazolam (5\u2009mg\/kg), or dexmedetomidine (0.25\u2009mg\/kg) on spatial learning and recognition memory was studied in adult Wistar rats using the radial maze as well as object recognition and location tests. The influence of these combinations on emotional reactivity was investigated using the new exploration test and the elevated plus maze. Results showed that ketamine alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine affected neither spatial and recognition memory, nor emotional reactivity. These results reinforce the safe clinical use of ketamine and its combinations in rats in a research context since the administration of these anaesthetic combinations did not produce significant changes with regard to spatial and recognition memory or emotional reactivity. Furthermore, these results indicate that the quality of scientific data produced in adult rat neurobehavioural research is not jeopardized by the use of these anaesthetic protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677216652380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T23:57:55Z","timestamp":1464825475000},"page":"147-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ketamine alone or combined with midazolam or dexmedetomidine does not affect anxiety-like behaviours and memory in adult Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research Innovation in Health, Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Addiction Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, 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