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The use of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) in biomedical research has increased in the last decades, highlighting the importance of appropriate anaesthetic regimens for this species. This article reviews the main anaesthetic agents and protocols used in laboratory adult zebrafish, and some of the analgesic methods to be used in this species that still need more research. In addition, a systematized observation of signs is proposed to evaluate adult zebrafish welfare to reduce pain and distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677216670686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T06:15:12Z","timestamp":1480572912000},"page":"476-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Anaesthesia and analgesia in laboratory adult zebrafish: a question of refinement"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmetal and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Valentim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmetal and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean\u00e1rio de Lisboa, Esplanada D Carlos I, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"ISPA \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lus\u00f3fona University, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmetal and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.01.022"},{"key":"bibr2-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147747"},{"key":"bibr3-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.50.4.343"},{"key":"bibr4-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.088823"},{"key":"bibr5-0023677216670686","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"Jones RC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Sent"},{"key":"bibr6-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2349"},{"key":"bibr7-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S1526-5900(03)00717-X"},{"key":"bibr8-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.06.009"},{"key":"bibr9-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12010"},{"key":"bibr10-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao075155"},{"key":"bibr11-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2011.11.009"},{"key":"bibr12-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet177"},{"key":"bibr13-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04848.x"},{"key":"bibr14-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-010-9188-0"},{"key":"bibr15-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302264"},{"key":"bibr16-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092116"},{"key":"bibr17-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/saep.2002.126571"},{"key":"bibr18-0023677216670686","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/9781681082677116010008"},{"key":"bibr19-0023677216670686","unstructured":"Lidster K, Readman GD, Prescott MJ and Owen SF. 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