{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:43:29Z","timestamp":1778175809014,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme","award":["Norte01-0145-FEDER-000008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Norte01-0145-FEDER-000008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To conduct animal experiments, researchers must be competent to handle and perform interventions on living animals in compliance with regulations. Laboratory animal science training programmes and licensing bodies therefore need to be able to reliably ensure and certify the professional competence of researchers and technicians. This requires access to assessment strategies which can verify knowledge as well as capturing performative and behavioural dimensions of assessment. In this paper, we describe the process of developing different global rating scales measuring candidates\u2019 competence in a performative assessment. We set out the following sequence, with three crucial phases, in the process of scale development: (a) Item Development, (b) Scale Development and (c) Piloting of the Scale. We note each phase\u2019s different sub-steps. Despite the emergent need to ensure the competence of researchers using animals in scientific procedures, to our best knowledge there are very few species and procedure\/skill specific assessment tools for this purpose, and the assessment methodology literature in the field is very limited. This paper provides guidance for those who need to develop and assess proficiency in laboratory animal procedures by setting out a method that can be used to create the required tools and illustrating how competence assessment strategies can be implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772211017767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T16:31:17Z","timestamp":1622305877000},"page":"463-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The assessment of researchers\u2019 competence in experimental procedures with laboratory animals: A three-step methodology to develop a global rating scale"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, University of Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1665-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, University of Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel J","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICVS \u2013 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I Anna S","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, University of Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC \u2013 Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00236772211017767","volume-title":". 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Using written examinations to assess medical knowledge and its application. In: Holmboe ES and Hawkins RE (eds).\n                      Practical guide to the evaluation of clinical competence\n                      . Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, Elsevier, 2008, pp. 42\u201359."},{"key":"bibr9-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2011.551559"},{"key":"bibr10-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1500016"},{"key":"bibr11-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000549"},{"key":"bibr12-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-019-0099-4"},{"key":"bibr13-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.33.4.578"},{"key":"bibr14-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2013.818634"},{"key":"bibr15-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5955.447"},{"key":"bibr16-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2013.774330"},{"key":"bibr17-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-498X.2005.00053.x"},{"key":"bibr18-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.63040"},{"key":"bibr19-00236772211017767","first-page":"711","volume":"52","author":"Clifford P","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr20-00236772211017767","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.569"},{"key":"bibr21-00236772211017767","unstructured":"Jenning M, Berdoy M. 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