{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:28:58Z","timestamp":1773685738487,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lang Speech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper investigates the acquisition of prosodic words in European Portuguese (EP) through analysis of grammatical and statistical properties of the target language and child speech. The analysis of grammatical properties shows that there are solid cues to the prosodic word (PW) in EP, and the presence of early word-based phonology in child speech shows that EP children are aware of these cues. It is thus hypothesized that grammatical properties could play a role in the development of the PW by promoting the early production of the different word shapes found in the language. The analysis of statistical properties of the input, namely word shape frequencies in adult speech and child-directed speech, shows that they constrain early word shapes in child speech in ways similar to recent reports on other languages: a fairly high frequency of monosyllabic shapes, and especially of monosyllabic CV shapes, in the input agrees with the production of subminimal words in child speech; a fairly high frequency of trisyllabic and larger shapes in the input (adult speech in particular) matches the early development of words larger than a binary foot. These patterns, together with the co-occurrence of truncation to subminimal shapes in the initial and later stages, as well as the presence of prosodic fillers regardless of word size, support the claim that early words in EP are not constrained by minimality or maximality requirements. The potential interaction of grammar and frequency effects in PW acquisition is discussed in the light of the present findings and comparable data available in the literature for English, French, Spanish and Catalan. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309060490020301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,18]],"date-time":"2008-12-18T23:40:37Z","timestamp":1229643637000},"page":"175-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Grammar and Frequency Effects in the Acquisition of Prosodic Words in European Portuguese"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Vig\u00e1rio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ILCH, Universidade do Minho,"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLGR, Universidade de Lisboa"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Frota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLGR, Universidade de Lisboa"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Portugu\u00eas Fundamental. Vol. II. M\u00e9todos e Documentos, Tomo 2: Inqu\u00e9rito de Disponibilidade","author":"Bacelar, M.F.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Beckman, M. & Edwards, J. (2000). Lexical frequency effects on young children's imitative productions. In M. B. Broe & J. B. Pierrehumbert (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology V. Acquisition and the lexicon (pp. 250-268). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb3","first-page":"5","volume":"9","author":"Bisol, L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Belo Horizonte"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The phonology of Dutch","author":"Booij, G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.174.04boo"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Bybee, J. (2000). Lexicalization of sound change and alternating environments. In M. B. Broe & J. B. Pierrehumbert (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology V. Acquisition and the lexicon (pp.250-268). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612886"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/tsl.45"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Costa, T. & Freitas, M.J. (2003). Obstru\u00e7\u00f5es na aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o. A prop\u00f3sito da natureza dos est\u00e1dios iniciais de desenvolvimento segmental. In A. Mendes & T. Freitas (Eds.), Actas do XVIII Encontro Nacional da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Lingu\u00edstica (pp.275-292). Lisboa: APL."},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Cutler, A. (1996). Prosody and the word boundary problem. In J. L. Morgan & K. Demuth (Eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition (pp. 87-99). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Demuth, K. (1996). The prosodic structure of early words. In J. L. Morgan & K. Demuth (Eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition (pp. 171-184). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cjl.2004.0025"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the GALA'97 Conference on Language Acquisition","author":"Fikkert, P."},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o da Estrutura Sil\u00e1bico do Portugu\u00eas Europeu. Ph.D. dissertation","author":"Freitas, M.J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, M.J., Miguel, M. & Faria, I. (2001). Interaction between prosody and morphosyntax: Plurals within codas in the acquisition of European Portuguese. In J. Weissenborn & B. H\u00f6hle (Eds.), Approaches to bootstrapping. Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition (pp.45-58). Amsterdam\/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.","DOI":"10.1075\/lald.24.04fre"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jpl.28"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Prosody and focus in European Portuguese. Phonological phrasing and intonation","author":"Frota, S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Frota, S. & Vig\u00e1rio, M. (1995). The intonation of one European Portuguese infant: A first approach. In I. H. Faria & M. J. Freitas (Eds.), Studies on the acquisition of Portuguese (pp.17-34). Lisboa: APL\/Colibri."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.174.06hal"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110966053"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannahs, S. (1995b). Glide formation, prefixation, and the phonological word in French. In J. Amastae et al. (Eds.), Contemporary research in romance linguistics (pp.13-24). Amsterdam \/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishers.","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.123.03han"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110197105.3"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Kleinhenz, U. (1997). Domain typology at the phonology-syntax interface . In G. Matos et al. (Eds.), Interfaces in linguistic theory (pp.201-220). Lisboa: APL\/Colibri."},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"On the acquisition of place","author":"Levelt, C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb25","unstructured":"Lle\u00f3, C. (2001a) The transition from prenominal fillers to articles in Spanish and German. In M. Almgren, A, Barre\u00f1a, M.J. Ezeizabarrena , I. Idiazabal, & B. MacWhinney (Eds.), Research on child language acquisition. Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Child Language (pp. 713-737). Somerville: Cascadilla Press."},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lle\u00f3, C. (2001b). The interface of phonology and syntax. The emergence of the article in the early acquisition of Spanish and German . In J. Weissenborn & B. H\u00f6hle (Eds.), Approaches to bootstrapping. Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition (pp.23-44). Amsterdam\/Philadelphia : John Benjamins.","DOI":"10.1075\/lald.24.03lle"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Paper given at the Second Lisbon Meeting on Language Acquisition-with special reference to Romance Languages","author":"Lle\u00f3, C."},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Proceedings of the23rdAnnual Boston University Conference on Language Development","author":"Lle\u00f3, C."},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Aspectos da Fonologia do Portugu\u00eas","author":"Mateus, M.H.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198235811.001.0001","volume-title":"The phonology of Portuguese","author":"Mateus, M.H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110197105.141"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Morgan, J.L., Shi, R. & Allopena, P. (1996). Perceptual bases of rudimentary grammatical categories: Toward a broader conceptualization of bootstrapping. In J. L. Morgan & K. Demuth (Eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition (pp.263-283). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Prosodic phonology","author":"Nespor, M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Prosodic words. HIL Dissertations 34","author":"Peperkamp, S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Child Language","author":"Peters, A.M."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"Peters, A.M. & Str\u00f6mqvist, S. (1996). The role of prosody in the acquisition of grammatical morphemes. In J. L. Morgan & K. Demuth (Eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition (pp. 215-232). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates ."},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110197105.101"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Paper given at the Second Lisbon Meeting on Language Acquisition-with special reference to Romance Languages","author":"Prieto, P."},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.174.07raf"},{"key":"atypb40","unstructured":"Ratner, N.B. (1996). From \"signal to syntax\": But what is the nature of the signal? In J. L. Morgan & K. Demuth (Eds.), Signal to syntax: Bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition (pp. 135-150). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ."},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development","author":"Roark, B."},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Verbal answers to yes\/no questions. A syntax study based on longitudinal corpora from Portuguese children","author":"Santos, A.L."},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"O prefixo no Portugu\u00eas Brasileiro: An\u00e1lise morfofonol\u00f3gica","author":"Schwindt, L.C.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb44","unstructured":"Soares, C. (in progress). La p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie gauche dans le processus de l'acquisition du Portugais Europ\u00e9en : \u00e9tude longitudinale de la production spontan\u00e9e de three enfants monolingues de 1;2.0 \u00e0 4;5.19 ans. Ph.D. dissertation, Universit\u00e9 de Paris 8."},{"key":"atypb45","unstructured":"Viana, M.C., Trancoso, I.M., Silva, F.M., Marques, G., D'Andrade, E. & Oliveira, L.C. (1996). Sobre a pron\u00fancia de nomes pr\u00f3prios, siglas e acr\u00f3nimos em Portugu\u00eas Europeu. In I. Duarte & I. Leiria (Eds.), Actas do Congresso Internacional Sobre o Portugu\u00eas (pp. 481-519). Lisboa: APL e Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Colibri."},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110900927"},{"key":"atypb47","unstructured":"Vig\u00e1rio, M. & Fal\u00e9, I. (1994). A S\u00edlaba no Portugu\u00eas Fundamental: Uma descri\u00e7\u00e3o e algumas considera\u00e7\u00f5es de ordem te\u00f3rica. In Actas do IX Encontro da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Lingu\u00edstica (pp.465-477). Lisboa: APL\/Colibri."},{"key":"atypb48","unstructured":"Vig\u00e1rio, M., Martins, F. & Frota, S. (2005). Frequ\u00eancias no Portugu\u00eas Europeu: A ferramenta FreP. In I. Duarte & I. Leiria (Eds.), Actas do XX Encontro da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Lingu\u00edstica (pp. 897-908). Lisboa: APL\/Colibri."},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"The phonology of German","author":"Wiese, R.","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Language and Speech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00238309060490020301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00238309060490020301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T11:16:45Z","timestamp":1741000605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00238309060490020301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00238309060490020301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00238309060490020301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-8309","1756-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-8309","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}}}