{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:17:34Z","timestamp":1777897054530,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to assess the motor competence of children with and without amblyopia. Study participants were 165 primary school children, aged 6\u20139 years, divided into three groups based on their visual acuity with the Snellen chart: (a) non-amblyopia, (b) corrected amblyopia, and (c) non-corrected amblyopia. We assessed the children\u2019s motor competence with the Motor Competence Assessment battery (MCA) and their physical activity with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). The non-amblyopia group presented significantly better motor competence on the MCA than either the corrected amblyopia group or the non-corrected amblyopia group; there were no statistically significant motor differences between the two amblyopia subgroups. Amblyopia versus non-amblyopia differences on the MCA were mainly in stability and locomotor components, involving dynamic balance and the change of spatial position and direction of movement, but not in the manipulative component (ball throwing velocity and ball kicking velocity). Predictably, from within an integrated visual motor perspective of child development, our findings suggest that intact vision played an important role in children\u2019s motor competence. The development of fundamental motor skills, especially of stability and locomotor skills, may be affected by poor visual processing in that participants with uncorrected amblyopia showed poor movement accuracy, uncoordinated movement, and impaired balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512520987359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T20:59:21Z","timestamp":1610657961000},"page":"746-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Motor Competence in Children With and Without Ambliopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0920-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina dos Santos Cardoso de","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Movimento Humano \u2013 Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Santos, Brasil"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis Paulo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer de Melga\u00e7o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Cordovil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2548"},{"key":"bibr2-0031512520987359","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2007).\n                      Amblyopia preferred practice pattern\n                      . http:\/\/one.aao.org\/CE\/PracticeGuidelines\/PPP."},{"key":"bibr3-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2000.tb04892.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/17.3.26"},{"key":"bibr5-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/stra.10.4.245.13831"},{"key":"bibr6-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0515"},{"key":"bibr7-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001"},{"key":"bibr8-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.7075"},{"key":"bibr9-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200110080-00031"},{"key":"bibr10-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12300"},{"key":"bibr11-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3801-8"},{"key":"bibr12-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3537"},{"key":"bibr13-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00067"},{"key":"bibr14-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199710000-00011"},{"key":"bibr15-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickmann, A., Di Sipio, E., Simbolotti, C., Agresta, A., Germanotta, M., Tredici, C., Petroni , S., Padua, L., Aprile, I. (2016). Balance in subjects with congenital or early onset strabismus: Influence of age.\n                      Neuroscience Letters, 623\n                      , 28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet. 2016.04.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.04.041"},{"key":"bibr16-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.05.001"},{"key":"bibr17-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701257221"},{"key":"bibr18-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208174"},{"key":"bibr19-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.011"},{"key":"bibr20-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-0936-5"},{"key":"bibr21-0031512520987359","volume-title":"Lifelong motor development","author":"Gabbard C.","year":"2008","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr22-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060341"},{"key":"bibr23-0031512520987359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10586"},{"key":"bibr24-0031512520987359","volume-title":"Compreendendo o desenvolvimento motor: beb\u00eas, crian\u00e7as, adolescentes e adultos","author":"Gallahue D. 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