{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:17:41Z","timestamp":1777897061390,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Percept Mot Skills"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury\/death in children worldwide, perceptions of their actual aquatic skills are of critical importance. Children\u2019s self-perceptions may influence the risks they take, and parental perceptions may influence the degree of supervision deemed to be necessary for children in and around water. Accordingly, we examined the differences between young children\u2019s actual, self-perceived and parent-perceived aquatic skills. Using a three-way repeated measures ANCOVA, we analyzed data from 134 child-parent dyads (56.0% boys; M age\u2009=\u20097.1, SD\u2009=\u20091.1\u2009years; and 71.6% mothers). We measured self and parental perceptions of the child\u2019s aquatic skills with the \u2018Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence\u2019 (PSPWC), and we applied the exact same 17 test items of the PSPWC to assess the child\u2019s actual aquatic skill level in the water. Controlling for years of swimming school experience, within-subject differences between the total scores on the \u2018Actual Aquatic Skills Test\u2019 (AAST) and both the child- and parent-completed PSPWC indicated lower than actual estimates of the children\u2019s aquatic skill level. The degree of disagreement against the AAST was more pronounced in parents than in 6-7\u2009year-old children but was similar between parents and 8-9\u2009year-old children, with these patterns being evident regardless of the children\u2019s sex. Our study contributes to an ongoing validation of the PSPWC and represents a key advance in assessing and comparing children\u2019s actual and perceived aquatic skill competence, using perfectly aligned instruments. Future research and practice might explore children\u2019s actual aquatic skills in different contexts (e.g., open water), include perspectives of non-parent caregivers and assess perceived and actual water competence across development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125211017864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1624332036000},"page":"1905-1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Differences between Young Children\u2019s Actual, Self-perceived and Parent-perceived Aquatic Skills"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5646-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"D\u2019Hondt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Buelens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristy","family":"Howells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK"}]},{"given":"Arja","family":"S\u00e4\u00e4kslahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}]},{"given":"Aldo M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Jidovtseff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Childhood, Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine De","family":"Martelaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.07.008"},{"key":"bibr2-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.08.007"},{"key":"bibr3-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2014-0141"},{"key":"bibr4-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2004.03.003"},{"key":"bibr5-00315125211017864","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Handbook on drowning: Prevention, rescue treatment","author":"Brenner R. 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Early View\n                      . 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M., Howells K., S\u00e4\u00e4kslahti A., Jidovtseff B. (2020).\n                      Pictorial scale of perceived water competence (PSPWC): Testing manual. Early years SIG, AIESEP.\n                      http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2268\/246746"},{"key":"bibr39-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033881"},{"key":"bibr40-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.09.008"},{"key":"bibr41-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13389"},{"key":"bibr42-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.10.253"},{"key":"bibr43-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.04.006"},{"key":"bibr44-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25035\/ijare.06.02.05"},{"key":"bibr45-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2015.12.015"},{"key":"bibr46-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijare.2014-0066"},{"key":"bibr47-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.94.3c.1059"},{"key":"bibr48-00315125211017864","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0351-6"},{"key":"bibr49-00315125211017864","unstructured":"Roelandt F., Van Gerven P., Soons B., Van Schuylenbergh R. 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