{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:57:41Z","timestamp":1777899461700,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/SOC\/50013\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/SOC\/50013\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Political Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Was Brazil\u2019s President Dilma Rousseff victim of a coup or removed through a legal process of impeachment? The heated debate on the 2016 ousting of Brazil\u2019s president testifies to the growing controversy around the definition of coups. Focusing on Latin America, we show that the use of coups with adjectives have become more frequent in public and scholarly debates. Occurring at a time when coups are becoming rarer, we argue that this development is linked to prevalence-induced concept change, meaning that when instances of a concept become less prevalent, the understanding of the concept expands. The meaning of coups has expanded through a proliferation of adjectives. Coups with adjectives are not new, but recent usage changes the concept from a classic to a family resemblance structure. Although this strategy can avoid stretching and increase differentiation, we urge caution and warn against harmful consequences, whether conceptual, theoretical, or practical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0032321719888857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T10:15:33Z","timestamp":1574849733000},"page":"1014-1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Coup with Adjectives: Conceptual Stretching or Innovation in Comparative Research?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leiv","family":"Marsteintredet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Malamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043887115000118"},{"key":"bibr2-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591797025003001"},{"key":"bibr3-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002703258197"},{"key":"bibr4-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09636410591002527"},{"key":"bibr5-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Bello (2016) When a \u201ccoup\u201d Is Not a Coup. The Economist, 9 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.economist.com\/the-americas\/2016\/04\/09\/when-a-coup-is-not-a-coup"},{"key":"bibr6-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2016.0012"},{"key":"bibr7-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Camara K (2016) Here\u2019s How African Leaders Stage \u201cConstitutional Coups\u201d: They Tweak the Constitution to Stay in Power. The Washington Post (Monkey Cage). Available at: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/monkey-cage\/wp\/2016\/09\/16\/heres-how-african-leaders-stage-constitutional-coups-they-tweak-the-constitution-to-stay-in-power\/"},{"key":"bibr8-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.1998.0003"},{"key":"bibr9-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/wp.1997.0009"},{"key":"bibr10-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2938818"},{"key":"bibr11-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Third World Coups d\u2019\u00e9tat and International Security","author":"David SR","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr12-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168016630837"},{"key":"bibr13-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2015.0009"},{"key":"bibr14-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315685175"},{"key":"bibr15-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414019879953"},{"key":"bibr16-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000203971505000102"},{"key":"bibr17-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/07402775-2002-3005"},{"key":"bibr18-0032321719888857","volume-title":"The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics","author":"Finer SE","year":"1962"},{"key":"bibr19-0032321719888857","volume-title":"The Military Coup d\u2019etat as a Political Process: Ecuador, 1948\u20131966","author":"Fitch JS","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr20-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/56.1.167"},{"key":"bibr21-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Golpe en Brasil.Genealog\u00eda de una farsa","author":"Gentili P","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr22-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400842995"},{"key":"bibr23-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2600618"},{"key":"bibr24-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0094582X05275530"},{"key":"bibr25-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139031738"},{"key":"bibr26-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20434009"},{"key":"bibr27-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2818659"},{"key":"bibr28-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Things Fall Apart: The Determinants of Military Mutinies","author":"Johnson JM","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr29-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Keating JE (2012) Coups Ain\u2019t What They Used to Be. Foreign Policy. Available at: https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2012\/06\/27\/coups-aint-what-they-used-to-be\/"},{"key":"bibr30-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030639688202400205"},{"key":"bibr31-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Kotze JS (2017) Africa Faces a New Threat to Democracy: The \u201cConstitutional Coup.\u201d The Conversation. Available at: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/africa-faces-a-new-threat-to-democracy-the-constitutional-coup-72011"},{"key":"bibr32-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8731"},{"key":"bibr33-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510347.2019.1582029"},{"key":"bibr34-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000169939103400102"},{"key":"bibr35-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Coup d\u2019\u00e9tat: A Practical Handbook","author":"Luttwak EN","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr36-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022278X0300435X"},{"key":"bibr37-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123413000264"},{"key":"bibr38-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Marshall MG, Marshall DR (2018) Coup d\u2019\u00e9tat Events, 1946\u20132017. Center for Systemic Peace, May 2. Available at: http:\/\/www.systemicpeace.org\/inscr\/CSPCoupsCodebook2017.pdf"},{"key":"bibr39-0032321719888857","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Journal of Democracy","author":"Marsteintredet L","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr40-0032321719888857","first-page":"191","volume":"108","author":"Mart\u00ednez R","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista CIDOB d\u2019afers Internacionals"},{"key":"bibr41-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0023879100017155"},{"key":"bibr42-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2017.0075"},{"key":"bibr43-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Guatemala: The Politics of Land Ownership","author":"Melville M","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr44-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x"},{"key":"bibr45-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Ngram Viewer (2013) Google Books Ngram Viewer. (ed Google Research). Available at: http:\/\/books.google.com\/ngrams"},{"key":"bibr46-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Inter-American Democratic Charter","author":"OAS","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr47-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511510335"},{"key":"bibr48-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10714839.2016.1258276"},{"key":"bibr49-0032321719888857","first-page":"35","volume-title":"LASA Forum","author":"Polga Hecimovich J","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr50-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343310397436"},{"key":"bibr51-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Political Institutions and Political Events (PIPE) Data Set","author":"Przeworski A","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr52-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/wp.1995.0004"},{"key":"bibr53-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12314"},{"key":"bibr54-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13569325.2016.1230940"},{"key":"bibr55-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1958356"},{"key":"bibr56-0032321719888857","volume-title":"Social Science Concepts: A Systematic Analysis","author":"Sartori G","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr57-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book.31450"},{"key":"bibr58-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/166007"},{"key":"bibr59-0032321719888857","first-page":"45","volume":"54","author":"Stein E","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Politics and Strategy"},{"key":"bibr60-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2071832200006064"},{"key":"bibr61-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123413000550"},{"key":"bibr62-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343310368350"},{"key":"bibr63-0032321719888857","first-page":"192","volume":"12","author":"Thyne CL","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foreign Policy Analysis"},{"key":"bibr64-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01402388408424476"},{"key":"bibr65-0032321719888857","unstructured":"Van Woudenberg A, Sawyer I (2015) Africa\u2019s Softer, Gentler Coups d\u2019etat. Foreign Policy. Available at: https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2015\/11\/03\/africas-softer-gentler-coups-detat\/"},{"key":"bibr66-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190626013.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr67-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511598821"},{"key":"bibr68-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/422412"},{"key":"bibr69-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2016.0041"},{"key":"bibr70-0032321719888857","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mepo.12239"}],"container-title":["Political Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0032321719888857","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0032321719888857","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0032321719888857","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:03:05Z","timestamp":1777629785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0032321719888857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0032321719888857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032321719888857","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-3217","1467-9248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-3217","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]}}}