{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:33:43Z","timestamp":1777898023615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this investigation was to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the short version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai &amp; Saleh, 1980 ): coaches\u2019 perceptions of their own behavior, athletes\u2019 preferences and athletes\u2019 perceptions of their coaches\u2019 behavior. This validation will allow researchers to minimize time demands on participants. Three independent samples of athletes ( n\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009373; n\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009817; n\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009246) and two samples of coaches ( n\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009115; n\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009351) were studied to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the 25-item version of the LSS (LSS-25; Chiu et\u00a0al., 2016 ). Findings indicated that a 15-item version (LSS-15) fits the data better than the LSS-25. The LSS-15 showed factorial validity and proved to have adequate reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that its factor structure was invariant across two independent samples and across gender for athletes\u2019 perceived and preferred versions. Significant relationships between the LSS-15 subscales and athlete satisfaction also demonstrate criterion validity. These findings support a valid and reliable alternative to the original LSS long-form, especially in applied settings when time constraints require a brief measure of leadership or when study designs include multiple variables.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294120953560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T23:52:58Z","timestamp":1599004378000},"page":"2302-2326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Refining the Short Version of the Leadership Scale for Sports: Factorial Validation and Measurement Invariance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Teques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal; CIPER, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-5744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEQV, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, Santarem, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Calmeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Health Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK; Institute of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sid\u00f3nio","family":"Serpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lusofona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0033294120953560","first-page":"261","volume":"32","author":"Andrew D. 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