{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:43:38Z","timestamp":1777902218588,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]],"date-time":"2011-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficiency of cork as a material dedicated to energy absorption under impact loading is studied in the present work. The viability of the application of micro-agglomerate cork (MAC) padding on a motorcycle helmet, is studied using finite element simulations of impact tests, considering the specifications of the European Standard ECE-R.22\/05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a widely used material, with excellent results in energy-absorption applications. However, after a first impact, the capability of EPS for energy absorption is significantly decreased, due to the almost total absence of elastic springback. However, cork is a material characterized by having both a good energy-absorption capability and high elastic return, due to its viscoelastic behavior, meaning that its capacity to keep absorbing energy is almost unchanged after the first impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this work, a three-dimensional numerical model of the helmet\u2013head system is developed, including the outer shell, safety padding and the head, together with its interactions and constitutive models suitable for the analyzed materials. Results show that the developed models can adequately reproduce the behavior of EPS and MAC, in the context of a preliminary analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The referred helmet\u2013headform is then submitted to impacts at different points, as specified by the European Standard. The results from helmeted impacts with EPS padding are compared against experimental values. The application of MAC in the protective padding of the helmet is studied and the results, concerning the acceleration of the gravity center of the head, Head Injury Criterion (HIC) values and kinetic energy are presented. Results obtained with EPS and MAC are compared and discussed. Concerning cork, although the maximum acceleration values of the headform and the HIC values were not verified to be within the established limits of the regulatory standard, the results are promising, launching a sound basis for a more thorough work on the application of cork as a new material for advanced applications as an energy-absorption system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711414735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]],"date-time":"2011-08-15T20:30:50Z","timestamp":1313440250000},"page":"580-591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Assessing the effectiveness of a natural cellular material used as safety padding material in motorcycle helmets"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Ricardo Alves","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"NEXX Pro Helmets, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Teixeira-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549711414735","unstructured":"EEVC. Report in motorcycle safety. Technical report, European Experimental Vehicles Committee ad-hoc group, 1993."},{"key":"bibr2-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004333.pub3"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.873"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70170-2"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-8368(01)00066-X"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Hurt HHJr, Ouellet JV, Thom DR. Motorcycle accident cause factors and identification of countermeasures, Volume I. Technical report, U. S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1981."},{"key":"bibr7-0037549711414735","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 International Motorcycle Safety Conference","author":"Thom DR","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Becker E. Comparisons of Snell M2000, DOT, BSI 6658-85 Type A and EN 22\/05. Snell Memorial Foundation, 2002."},{"key":"bibr9-0037549711414735","volume-title":"The behaviour of foam material in crash conditions: Experiments with a spring impactor, and predictions with MADYMO","author":"Thunnissen TGM","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2007.01.004"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-0675-6"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549711414735","unstructured":"van den Bosch HLA. Crash helmet testing and design specifications. PhD thesis. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2006."},{"key":"bibr13-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2008.12.011"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Aare M. Prevention of head injuries focusing specifically on oblique impacts. Doctoral thesis. Centre for Technology within Healthcare, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 2003."},{"key":"bibr15-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02533839.2003.9670838"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549711414735","volume-title":"Helmet optimization based on head\u2013helmet modelling","author":"Deck C","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2006.0134"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549711414735","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(02)00048-1"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Coelho RM. Development of passive protection systems using cellular materials. Master\u2019s thesis. University of Aveiro, Portugal, 2010."},{"key":"bibr20-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Gameiro CP. Capacidade de absor\u00e7ao de energia de impacto de estruturas tubulares com corti\u00e7a confinada \u2013 Estudo Numerico e Experimental. PhD thesis. Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, 2007."},{"key":"bibr21-0037549711414735","unstructured":"ABAQUS 6.8. Pawtucket, RI: Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., 2008."},{"key":"bibr22-0037549711414735","volume-title":"Uniform provisions concerning the approval of protective helmets and their visors for drivers and passengers of motorcycles and mopeds"},{"key":"bibr23-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Catia V5. User Manual, Dassault Systems, 2008."},{"key":"bibr24-0037549711414735","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves DFS. Segurana passiva de capacetes utilizando novos materiais. Master\u2019s thesis. University of Aveiro, Portugal, 2009."},{"key":"bibr25-0037549711414735","volume-title":"Head Injury Criteria in Automotive Crash Testing","author":"Newman JA","year":"1970"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549711414735","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549711414735","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:23:19Z","timestamp":1777634599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549711414735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549711414735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549711414735","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]}}}