{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:43:09Z","timestamp":1777902189251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,9]],"date-time":"2011-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Textile Research Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports an alternative approach for the evaluation of fabric pilling. On this approach, orthogonal projections of the three-dimensional (3D) fabric images are used directly to virtually evaluate the pilling formation of the fabrics. The 3D images of the fabrics are obtained through the reconstruction of the topography of the real textile fabrics. For that, a dual-scanning optical system (triangulation system) was used, which was developed and implemented by our research team.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This evaluation approach is performed by comparing the appearance of the orthogonal projections of the 3D fabric images with the same photographic standard sets used in the conventional subjective method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>For the validation of the obtained results with this methodology, a comparison was carried out relative to a reference subjective evaluation. This reference evaluation corresponds to a subjective evaluation of the fabrics originally performed by a panel of experts. A comparison was also performed between the results obtained with this methodology and those obtained by an objective evaluation. This objective evaluation corresponds to the automatic attribution of the equivalent pilling grade to the fabrics, based on the calculation of the total volume of pilling formed in their surfaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The final results obtained with the described methodology were showed to be globally in agreement with both the reference subjective and the objective evaluations. Subsequently, this method shows potential as an alternative approach for the virtual subjective evaluation of fabric pilling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517510397573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,9]],"date-time":"2011-03-09T21:50:44Z","timestamp":1299707444000},"page":"892-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Virtual subjective pilling evaluation: an alternative"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"de Oliveira Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Unit - Department of Physics and Optical Center, University of Beira Interior, Portugal, ,"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Torr\u00e3o Fiadeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Unit - Department of Physics and Optical Center, University of Beira Interior, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui Alberto","family":"Lopes Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Textile and Paper Materials Unit - Department of Textile Science and Technology, University of Beira Interior, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405009408631284"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Proceedings of M2D\u20192006 - 5th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design","author":"Carvalho ML"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405009808658599"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405009808658600"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750307300809"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750407400210"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750407401107"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750207201204"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517505059707"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"96","volume":"36","author":"Konda A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Text Mach Soc Jpn"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09556220510616156"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.602520"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1383782"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509105072"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509103327"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Fabric testing","author":"Hu J.","year":"2008","edition":"1"},{"issue":"196","key":"atypb17","author":"Woolmark.","year":"2000","journal-title":"(Martindale Machine Method): Report"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"IPQ. Norma Portuguesa, T\u00eaxteis - Determina\u00e7\u00e3o da propens\u00e3o dos tecidos ao aparecimento de p\u00ealo superficial e borboto. Parte 2: M\u00e9todo Martindale modificado (ISO 12945-2: 2000), Report No. NPENISO12945-2 2001. Instituto Portugu\u00eas da Qualidade , 2001."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517510373636"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509355347"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517508095607"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Proceedings of IS&T\/SPIE - Electronic Imaging, Science and Technology","author":"Mendes AO"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th IMACS World Congress Scientific Computation, Applied Mathematics and Simulation","author":"Mendes AO"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Optics","author":"Hecht E.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Modern optics","author":"Guenther RD","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Textile Research Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0040517510397573","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0040517510397573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:22:25Z","timestamp":1777634545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0040517510397573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0040517510397573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0040517510397573","relation":{},"ISSN":["0040-5175","1746-7748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-5175","type":"print"},{"value":"1746-7748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,9]]}}}