{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:51:36Z","timestamp":1777675896224,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/007327531305100204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T20:05:17Z","timestamp":1431115517000},"page":"199-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Halley Turns Republican: How the Portuguese Press Presented the 1910 Return of Halley's Comet"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Zilh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lisbon"}]},{"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New University of Lisbon"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New University of Lisbon"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Communicating science in 20th century Europe: A survey on research and comparative perspectives","author":"Schirrmacher Arne","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr2-007327531305100204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0498.2009.00145.x"},{"key":"bibr3-007327531305100204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/007327530804600202"},{"key":"bibr4-007327531305100204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/007327530704500104"},{"key":"bibr5-007327531305100204","first-page":"1994","volume-title":"La science populaire dans la presse et l'\u00e9dition: XIX et XX si\u00e8cles","author":"Bensaude-Vincent B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr6-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Gregory Jane, Miller Steve, Science in public: Communication, culture and credibility (Cambridge, 1998), 132\u201365."},{"key":"bibr7-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Research for this paper has been carried out in the framework of the research project An\n                      open window to representations of science and technology in the Portuguese press\n                      (1900\u20131926), funded by the Portuguese Research Council (FCT\/MCTES). It aims at analyzing public images of science and technology transmitted by the press in Portugal, during the first decades of the twentieth century. It relies on a comparative methodology based on the contrast of news issued in generalist newspapers of different political orientations and geographical provenance, and covers a period from the end of the Monarchy (1900\u201310) to the end of the First Republic (1910\u201326)."},{"key":"bibr8-007327531305100204","unstructured":"All news on Halley's visit published in the three newspapers, in 1910, was identified, transcribed, categorized and analyzed according to content. The criteria used encompassed locality (national or international news), type of news (opinion articles, reports on lectures, news reports, letters, advertisements, goods, books, plays). The analysis of news involved their classification according to content (scientific, religious, political, and historical)."},{"key":"bibr9-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Gregory, Mller, Science in public (ref. 6)."},{"key":"bibr10-007327531305100204","unstructured":"In the 1850s, \u201860s and \u201970s, Portugal belonged to a select group of countries that used gold as their monetary standard, thus enjoying considerable credibility on the international money market. By 1880, Portugal belonged (together with Spain and Italy) to the so-called \u201cLatin group\u201d of European nations, reputed for their troublesome financial balance and organization."},{"key":"bibr11-007327531305100204","unstructured":"The 1870s Generation\n                      (Gera&\u00e7\u00e3o de 70)\n                      was a group of Portuguese intellectuals who held meetings at a casino in Lisbon, in which they set out to reflect and discuss political and social change in the world and in Portugal, as stated in their manifesto. They shared an internationalist outlook in social, political and cultural matters, refused the idea of their country continuing to remain alien to the new ideas circulating in Europe, and engaged in investigating the conditions for the political, economic, social and moral transformation of Portuguese society."},{"key":"bibr12-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Jarnais republicanos: 1848\u20131926","author":"S\u00e1 Lu\u00eds","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr13-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria do Ensino desde a Funda&\u00e7\u00e3o da Nacionalidade at\u00e9 ao fim do regime de Salazar-Caetano","author":"de Carvalho R\u00f3mulo","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr14-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Uma experi\u00eancia de forma&\u00e7\u00e3o para adultos na Primeira Rep\u00fablica: A Universidade Livre para a Educa&\u00e7\u00e3o Popular 1911\u20131917","author":"Fernandes Rog\u00e9rio","year":"1933"},{"key":"bibr15-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Boletim mensal da Universidade Livre","year":"1912"},{"key":"bibr16-007327531305100204","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria da Primeira Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa","author":"Pereira David","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr17-007327531305100204","first-page":"88","author":"Val\u00e9rio Nuno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr18-007327531305100204","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria da Primeira Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa","author":"Proen\u00e7a Maria C\u00e2ndida","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr19-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Name of the Portuguese currency during the monarchy."},{"key":"bibr20-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 8 June 1910, 4."},{"key":"bibr21-007327531305100204","volume-title":"O cometa de Halley e a sua influ\u00eancia prov\u00e1vel na Terra","author":"da Costa A. Ramos","year":"1910"},{"key":"bibr22-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Pereira, \u201cA sociedade\u201d (ref. 16), 82, 86."},{"key":"bibr23-007327531305100204","unstructured":"To learn more about these three newspapers and the Portuguese press see also Sim\u00f5es, Carneiro, Diogo, \u201cRiding the wave to reach the masses\u201d (ref. 2)."},{"key":"bibr24-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria da imprensa peri\u00f3dica Portuguesa","author":"Tengarrinha Jos\u00e9","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr25-007327531305100204","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria de Portugal","author":"Ramos Rui","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr26-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Grande enciclop\u00e9dia Portuguesa e Brasileira","author":"Entries"},{"key":"bibr27-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto\n                      began with a vapour machine but in 1863 bought a Marinoni rotary printing press, in Tengarrinha, Hist\u00f3ria da imprensa (ref. 24), 229."},{"key":"bibr28-007327531305100204","unstructured":"55 \u00d7 37 cm, 47 \u00d7 32 cm, 63 \u00d7 46 cm, respectively in M\u00e1rio Matos e Lemos, Jornais di\u00e1rios Portugueses do S\u00e9culo XX: Um dicion\u00e1rio (Coimbra, 2006), 170, 266, 293."},{"key":"bibr29-007327531305100204","unstructured":"These sections rotated with other chronicles (or feature articles) such as\n                      Maritime chronicle\n                      (Cr\u00f6nica mar\u00edtima),\n                      External politics\n                      (Pol\u00edtica externa), Financial chronicle (Cr\u00f3nica financeira),\n                      Military chronicle\n                      (Cr\u00f3nica militar). Besides this first major column at the beginning of the newspaper, other more or less permanent printed sections were:\n                      Foreigner news\n                      (Notici\u00e1rio estrangeiro),\n                      Letter from England\n                      (Carta de Inglanterra),\n                      Letter from Paris\n                      (Carta de Paris),\n                      Overseas colonies\n                      (Ultramar),\n                      Religious celebrations\n                      (Festas religiosas),\n                      News from outside Lisboa\n                      (Fora de Lisboa) and several sections dedicated to news from other Portuguese towns:\n                      News from Elvas\n                      (Not\u00edcias de Elvas);\n                      News from Covilh\u00e3\n                      (Not\u00edcias da Covilh\u00e3);\n                      News from Porto\n                      (Not\u00edcias do Porto), etc). These sections could appear in the same issue more than once reflecting the editorial and typographical plasticity of the newspaper. Other thematic sections were created according to necessity. For these reasons, other science, technology and medicine related news appears scattered throughout the newspaper."},{"key":"bibr30-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Sections included\n                      News\n                      (Notici\u00e1rio),\n                      News from other towns\n                      (Interior),\n                      News from abroad\n                      (Notici\u00e1rio estrangeiro),\n                      Religious news\n                      (Notici\u00e1rio religioso),\n                      Trade\n                      (Commercio),\n                      Shipping\n                      (Navega&\u00e7\u00e3o) and\n                      Telegraph and telephone\n                      (Telegrapho e telephono), a special section dedicated to news arriving at the office using the latest technical communication innovations, and therefore conveying a sense the freshness and modernity of the news to the paper."},{"key":"bibr31-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Tengarrinha, Hist\u00f3ria da imprensa (ref. 24), 294. In fact, and also reflecting the newspaper geography, news about wine production, agriculture and agriculture schools appear frequently. Its commercial scope is also reflected in the amount of news concerning the construction of a new sea port and in the commercial shipping schedules advertised."},{"key":"bibr32-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Matos e Lemos, Jornais di\u00e1rios (ref. 28), 171."},{"key":"bibr33-007327531305100204","unstructured":"They were titled: Scientific review; Cases and notes; Impressions and notes; Military review; Small news throughout the world; Science latest news; Lectures held at the Commercial Athenaeum; Agricultural section; Through the fields and gardens."},{"key":"bibr34-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Tavares, Carneiro, Diogo, Sim\u00f5es, \u201cA imagem p\u00fablica\u201d (ref. 2)."},{"key":"bibr35-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Max Wolf from Heidelberg Observatory, Edward Emerson Barnard from Yerkes Observatory, George Van Biesbrok from the Royal Observatory of Belgium, Fran\u00e7ois Gonnessiat from Argel Observatory, McHel Giacobini from Paris Observatory, Ferdinand Qu\u00e9nisset and Flammarion from Juvisy Observatory, Josep Comas y Sol\u00e1 from Fabra Observatory in Barcelona."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr36-007327531305100204.1","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 8 February 1910, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr36-007327531305100204.2","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 24 July 1910, 6."},{"key":"bibr37-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 15 May 1910, 2."},{"key":"bibr38-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 27 April 1910, 2."},{"key":"bibr39-007327531305100204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schechner Sara J., Comets, popular culture and the birth of modern cosmology (New Jersey, 1997), 218.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691227672"},{"key":"bibr40-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Flammarion Camille, La fin du monde (Paris, 1854), 131\u20132."},{"key":"bibr41-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Astronomie populaire","author":"Flammarion Camille","year":"1880"},{"key":"bibr42-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Flammarion Camille, O fim do mundo (Lisboa, n.d.); Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 17 April 1910, 4; Flammarion Camille, Astronomia popular (Lisboa, 1893); Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 16 May 1910, 7."},{"key":"bibr43-007327531305100204","volume-title":"Como acabar\u00e1 o mundo?","author":"Flammarion Camille","year":"1908"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr44-007327531305100204.1","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 27 January 1910, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr44-007327531305100204.2","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores, 9 April 1910, 1. Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores, 10 May 1910, 2."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr45-007327531305100204.1","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores, 17 January 1910, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr45-007327531305100204.2","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 23 January 1910, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr45-007327531305100204.3","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 25 January 1910, 1."},{"key":"bibr46-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 23 May 1910, 1."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr47-007327531305100204.1","unstructured":"See for instance Chronica Scientifica in Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 25 January 1910, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr47-007327531305100204.2","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 23 January 1910, 1."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr48-007327531305100204.1","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 23 January 1910, 5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr48-007327531305100204.2","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 25 January 1910, 1. For a history of the Astronomical Observatory see Raposo Pedro, Polity, precision and the stellar heavens: The Royal Astronomical Observatory of Lisbon (1857-1910), unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oxford, 2010."},{"key":"bibr49-007327531305100204","first-page":"1","volume":"23","year":"1910","journal-title":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto"},{"key":"bibr50-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 31 May 1910, 1."},{"key":"bibr51-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 13 May 1910, 1."},{"key":"bibr52-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 19 May 1910, 1."},{"key":"bibr53-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 22 February 1910, 7."},{"key":"bibr54-007327531305100204","unstructured":"\u201cAlfacinha\u201d is a nickname for those who live in the city of Lisbon, hence \u201castr\u00f3nomo alfacinha\u201d means astronomer from Lisbon."},{"key":"bibr55-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Flammarion Camille, Annuaire astronomique et m\u00e9t\u00e9reologiquepour 1909 (Paris, 1909), 233."},{"key":"bibr56-007327531305100204","unstructured":"We are referring to the reports of lectures given by Afonso Chaves (Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores, 2 May, 1910), Melo e Simas\n                      (Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias\n                      , 4 May 1910, 1), Costa Lobo\n                      (Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias\n                      , 10 May 1910, 2), Inoc\u00eancio Camacho\n                      (Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias\n                      , 15 May 1910, 2), Ladislau Batalha\n                      (Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias\n                      , 17 May 1910, 3)."},{"key":"bibr57-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 10 May 1910, 2."},{"key":"bibr58-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 7 February 1910, 4; Ramos da Costa, O cometa de Halley (ref. 21)."},{"key":"bibr59-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 28 June 1910, 7."},{"key":"bibr60-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores, 29 April 1910, 2;\n                      Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores\n                      , 30 April, 1910,1;\n                      Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores\n                      , 2 May, 1910, 1;\n                      Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores\n                      , 3 May 1910, 1;\n                      Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores\n                      , 13 May 1910, 2; Concei&\u00e7\u00e3o Tavares,\n                      Albert I do M\u00f3naco, Afonso Chaves e a meteorologia nos A&\u00e7ores\n                      (Ponta Delgada, 2009)."},{"key":"bibr61-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es Carneiro, Diogo, \u201cRiding the wave to reach the masses\u201d (ref. 2)."},{"key":"bibr62-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores, 13 May 1910, 2."},{"key":"bibr63-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio do Governo, 4 May 1910."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr64-007327531305100204.1","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcas, 3 May 1910, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr64-007327531305100204.2","unstructured":"Com\u00e9rcio do Porto, 4 May 1910, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr64-007327531305100204.3","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio dos A&\u00e7ores 11 May, 1910, 2."},{"key":"bibr65-007327531305100204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087408001568"},{"key":"bibr66-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 4 May 1910, 1. Five years later Melo e Simas published a text considering that Halley's visit provided \u201ca lesson in cometary astronomy, whose conclusions were always timely, always grandiose and always admirable\u201d: Melo e Simas, \u201cO cometa de Halley: Sua influ\u00eancia sobre a Terra\u201d,\n                      Trabalhos da Academia de Sci\u00eancias de Portugal\n                      (1915)."},{"key":"bibr67-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 12 May 1910, 3."},{"key":"bibr68-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 17 May 1910, 3."},{"key":"bibr69-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 2 May 1910, 1."},{"key":"bibr70-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 31 May 1910, 1."},{"key":"bibr71-007327531305100204","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias, 19 May 1910, 2."}],"container-title":["History of Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/007327531305100204","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/007327531305100204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:17:01Z","timestamp":1777450621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/007327531305100204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/007327531305100204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/007327531305100204","relation":{},"ISSN":["0073-2753","1753-8564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0073-2753","type":"print"},{"value":"1753-8564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}}}