{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:00:19Z","timestamp":1770519619053,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/117167\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/117167\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Urban History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the early 1960s, Portugal saw a rise in scientific research on architecture and urbanism at the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil; LNEC), fundamental to support the Government in establishing a national program for housing, which continued until the fall of the Dictatorship in 1974. Lacking tradition in scientific studies in architecture and urbanism, a group of young architects with knowledge of references from international researchers and research centers gathered encouragement and opportunities to develop their own research works and methodologies and, later, to question the application of such scientific methods. This article aims to identify and discuss the strategies and methodologies explored to develop these seminal researches, retrieving and reappraising LNEC\u2019s archived documents and oral testimonials from former researchers. We aim at exposing the foundations of Portuguese scientific research on architecture and urbanism and its contributions to an international audience. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0096144220968078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T05:26:53Z","timestamp":1605245213000},"page":"807-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Portugal\u2019s Rising Research in Architecture and Urbanism: The Influence of International Research Centers and Authors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2269-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Bento","family":"d\u2019Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, DIN\u00c2MIA\u2019CET-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-0413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Marat-Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, DIN\u00c2MIA\u2019CET-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Toussaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa Fa-ULisboa, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitectura, Urbanismo e Design, CIAUD, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0096144220968078","unstructured":"AAVV. 1\u00ba Congresso Nacional de Arquitectura: Relat\u00f3rio da comiss\u00e3o executiva, teses, conclus\u00f5es e votos do congresso [1st National Congress of Architecture: Report of the Executive Committee, thesis, conclusions and votes of the congress]. Lisboa: Sindicato Nacional dos Arquitectos, 1948."},{"issue":"1974","key":"bibr2-0096144220968078","first-page":"11","volume":"130","author":"AAVV","journal-title":"Arquitetura"},{"key":"bibr3-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Duport, Jean-Pierre. La recherche en architecture\u2014Un bilan international. Marseille: Parenth\u00e8ses, 1986."},{"key":"bibr4-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Notes on the Synthesis of Form","author":"Alexander Christopher","year":"1964"},{"key":"bibr5-0096144220968078","first-page":"22","volume":"95","author":"Alexander Christopher","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arquitectura"},{"key":"bibr6-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Alvim Maria Lu\u00edsa. Livros Portugueses Proibidos no Regime Fascista: Bibliografia [Portuguese Books Prohibited in the Fascist Regime: Bibliography]. Braga: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 1992. http:\/\/eprints.rclis.org\/9342\/1\/livros_proibidos.pdf."},{"key":"bibr7-0096144220968078","volume":"134","author":"Barreto Ant\u00f3nio","year":"1995","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"bibr8-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Inqu\u00e9rito \u00e0 Habita\u00e7\u00e3o Rural","author":"Basto E. A.","year":"1942"},{"key":"bibr9-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Savoir batir: Habitabilit\u00e9, durabilit\u00e9, \u00e9conomie des b\u00e2timents","author":"Blach\u00e8re G\u00e9rard","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr10-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Sur l\u2019espace architecturale: Essai d\u2019\u00e9pistemologie de l\u2019architecture","author":"Boudon Philippe","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr11-0096144220968078","volume":"223","author":"Brand\u00e3o Tiago","year":"2017","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"bibr12-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Racionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de solu\u00e7\u00f5es de organiza\u00e7\u00e3o de fogos: Formas de agrupamentos da habita\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Cabral Bartolomeu Costa","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr13-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Carvalho Mariana Rodrigues de. \u201cInvestiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitectura. O Contributo de Nuno Portas no LNEC 1963-1974\u201d [Research in Architecture. The Contribution of Nuno Portas at LNEC 1963-1974]. Master diss. University of Coimbra, 2012."},{"key":"bibr14-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Chassel Francis, Dir. Les cahiers de la recherche architecturale, 13 (1983)."},{"key":"bibr15-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Community and Privacy","author":"Chermayeff Serge","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr16-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Racionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de solu\u00e7\u00f5es da habita\u00e7\u00e3o: An\u00e1lise e selec\u00e7\u00e3o de esquemas do fogo","author":"Costa Alexandre Alves","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr17-0096144220968078","first-page":"29","volume":"68","author":"Cupers Kenny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planning Perspectives"},{"key":"bibr18-0096144220968078","volume":"39","author":"d\u2019Almeida Patr\u00edcia Bento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cidades: Comunidades e Territ\u00f3rio"},{"key":"bibr19-0096144220968078","author":"Decree Law n\u00ba 35.957 of November 19, 1946","year":"1946","journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio do Governo"},{"key":"bibr20-0096144220968078","author":"Decree Law n\u00ba 43.825 of July 27, 1961","year":"1961","journal-title":"Di\u00e1rio do Governo"},{"key":"bibr21-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Dias Tiago Lopes. \u201cTeoria e Desenho da Arquitectura em Portugal, 1956-1974: Nuno Portas e Pedro Vieira de Almeida\u201d [Theory and Design of Architecture in Portugal, 1956-1974: Nuno Portas and Pedro Vieira de Almeida]. PhD diss. Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 2017."},{"key":"bibr22-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Tipologias de edif\u00edcios. Habita\u00e7\u00e3o Evolutiva: Princ\u00edpios e crit\u00e9rios de projectos","author":"Dias Francisco Silva","year":"1971"},{"issue":"1972","key":"bibr23-0096144220968078","first-page":"100","volume":"126","author":"Francisco Silva Dias and Nuno Portas","journal-title":"Arquitectura"},{"key":"bibr24-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Urban Dynamics","author":"Forrester Jay Wright","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr25-0096144220968078","volume":"126","author":"Francisco Silva Dias","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arquitectura"},{"key":"bibr26-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Habita\u00e7\u00e3o social na cidade de Lisboa,1959-1966","author":"Gabinete T\u00e9cnico da Habita\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014C\u00e2mara Municipal de Lisboa","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr27-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Gil Bruno. \u201cCulturas de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Arquitectura. Linhas de Pensamento nos Centros de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o 1945-1974\u201d [Research cultures in architecture. Lines of thought in research centres 1945-1974] (Master thesis, University of Coimbra, 2012)."},{"key":"bibr28-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Gomes Ruy. Planeamento de estudos no dom\u00ednio dos edif\u00edcios: anos de 1969 \u2013 1970 [Planning studies in the domain of buildings: 1969 - 1970]. Lisboa: LNEC, 1969."},{"key":"bibr29-0096144220968078","volume-title":"O Ser Urbano nos Caminhos de Nuno Portas","author":"Grande Nuno","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr30-0096144220968078","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Architecture et soci\u00e9t\u00e9","author":"Gropius Walter","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr31-0096144220968078","volume-title":"La dimension cache","author":"Hall Edward T.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr32-0096144220968078","volume":"276","author":"Junker Klaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"bibr33-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Leslie Martin e a Escola de Cambridge","author":"Kr\u00fcger M\u00e1rio","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr34-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Adaptation du logement \u00e0 la vie familiale","author":"Lamure Claude","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr35-0096144220968078","first-page":"41","volume":"68","author":"Lauwe Paul-Henry Chombart de","year":"1960","journal-title":"Arquitectura"},{"key":"bibr36-0096144220968078","volume-title":"L\u2019Architecture entre pratique et connaissance scientifique","author":"Lengereau \u00c9ric","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr37-0096144220968078","unstructured":"LNEC, \u201cMuseu Virtual: Inform\u00e1tica\u201d [Virtual Museum: Informatics]. http:\/\/www-ext.lnec.pt\/LNEC\/museuvirtual\/."},{"key":"bibr38-0096144220968078","volume-title":"The Image of the City","author":"Lynch Kevin","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr39-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Urban Space and Structures","author":"Martin Leslie","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr40-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Nuno Portas, Pr\u00e9mio Sir Patrick Abercrombie UIA 2005","author":"Milheiro Ana Vaz","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr41-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Moniz Gon\u00e7alo Canto. \u201cO Ensino Moderno da Arquitectura. A Reforma de 57 e as Escolas de Belas-Artes em Portugal (1931-69)\u201d [The Modern Teaching of Architecture. The Reform of 57 and the Schools of Fine Arts in Portugal (1931-69)]. PhD. diss. University of Coimbra, 2011."},{"key":"bibr42-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Arte de Proyectar en Arquitectura","author":"Neufert Ernst","year":"1942"},{"key":"bibr43-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Syst\u00e8me logique de l\u2019architecture","author":"Norberg-Schulz Christian","year":"1979","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr44-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Formes urbaines: de l\u2019\u00eelot \u00e0 la","author":"Panerai Philippe","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr45-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Agrupamento de espa\u00e7os a partir de grafos de adjac\u00eancias","author":"Pereira Lu\u00eds Moniz","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr46-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Modelo de an\u00e1lise din\u00e2mica de uma zona urbana","author":"Pereira Maria da Luz Valente","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr47-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o e qualidade do espa\u00e7o urbano: Inqu\u00e9rito Piloto \u00e0 utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o da cidade","author":"Pereira Maria da Luz Valente","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr48-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Problem\u00e1tica dos Inqu\u00e9ritos \u00e0 Habita\u00e7\u00e3o Urbana","author":"Pereira Maria da Luz Valente","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr49-0096144220968078","volume-title":"O uso do espa\u00e7o na habita\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Pereira Maria da Luz Valente","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr50-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Inqu\u00e9rito \u00e0 habita\u00e7\u00e3o urbana. Objectivos gerais do inqu\u00e9rito","author":"Pereira Maria da Luz Valente","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr51-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Arquitectura(s). Teoria e Desenho, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Projecto","author":"Portas Nuno","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr52-0096144220968078","volume":"103","author":"Portas Nuno","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arquitectura"},{"key":"bibr53-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Estudos sobre habita\u00e7\u00e3o: relato sucinto dos contactos estabelecidos por ocasi\u00e3o do Congresso U.I.A. Paris 1965","author":"Portas Nuno","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr54-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Portas Nuno. \u201cHabita\u00e7\u00e3o Social: proposta para a metodologia da sua arquitectura\u201d [Social Housing: Proposal for the Methodology of Its Architecture]. Architecture Final Thesis, Escola Superior de Belas Artes do Porto, 1959."},{"key":"bibr55-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Implementa\u00e7\u00e3o dum modelo urbano para a \u00c1rea Metropolitana de Lisboa","author":"Portas Nuno","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr56-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Estudo das fun\u00e7\u00f5es e da exig\u00eancia de \u00e1reas da habita\u00e7\u00e3o. Necessidades familiares e \u00e1reas da habita\u00e7\u00e3o: An\u00e1lise de exig\u00eancias por fun\u00e7\u00f5es da habita\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"Portas Nuno","year":"1964"},{"key":"bibr57-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Portas Nuno, Ruy Gomes. Inqu\u00e9rito-piloto sobre necessidades familiares em mat\u00e9ria de habita\u00e7\u00e3o. 1\u00ba Relat\u00f3rio: Programa, amostra e resultado da fase de inquiri\u00e7\u00e3o [Pilot Survey on Family Housing Needs. 1st Report: Program, Sample and Result of the Inquiry Phase]. Lisboa: LNEC, 1963"},{"key":"bibr58-0096144220968078","author":"Portas Nuno","year":"1991","journal-title":"Portugal architecture 1965-1990"},{"key":"bibr59-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio sum\u00e1rio da actividade do Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil em 1972","author":"Rocha Manuel","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr60-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Ler Hist\u00f3ria","volume":"61","author":"Rollo Maria Fernanda","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr61-0096144220968078","first-page":"53","volume":"62","author":"Sachs Avigail","year":"2009","journal-title":"Architecture Publications and Other Works"},{"key":"bibr62-0096144220968078","volume-title":"Arquitectura Popular em Portugal","author":"Sindicato Nacional Dos Arquitectos","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr63-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Steadman Philip. \u201cThe Automatic Generation of Minimum-Standard House Plans.\u201d Working Paper 23. Cambridge: Centre for Land Use and Built Form Studies, University of Cambridge, 1970."},{"key":"bibr64-0096144220968078","volume-title":"The Minimum Dwelling","author":"Teige Karel","year":"2002","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr65-0096144220968078","unstructured":"Tost\u00f5es Ana. Arquitectura e Cidadania\u2014Atelier Nuno Teot\u00f3nio Pereira [Architecture and Citizenship\u2014Nuno Teot\u00f3nio Pereira\u2019s Atelier]. Lisboa: Quimera, 2005."},{"key":"bibr66-0096144220968078","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Circa 1963: Conversas com arquitectos e cineastas","author":"Urbano Lu\u00eds (coord.)","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Urban History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0096144220968078","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0096144220968078","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0096144220968078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T10:07:48Z","timestamp":1740823668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0096144220968078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0096144220968078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0096144220968078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0096-1442","1552-6771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0096-1442","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]}}}