{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:26:05Z","timestamp":1777789565621,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Behavioral Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This investigation was aimed at studying the relations between executive functions (EFs) and categorical emotion understanding while controlling for preschoolers\u2019 IQ, language ability and theory of mind (ToM). Specifically, we wanted to analyse the association between emotion understanding and set shifting, due to the lack of studies with this EF. Data of 75 children aged 4\u00bd years (52% boys) was collected in two laboratory visits. Emotion understanding was assessed using the Emotion Recognition Questionnaire, inhibitory control using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task and set shifting using a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort task. IQ was evaluated using the WPPSI-R, language using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test \u2013 Revised; and ToM using six standardized tasks. Set shifting, but not inhibitory control, predicted emotion understanding, over and above mothers\u2019 age, and children\u2019s IQ, language ability, and ToM. Mothers\u2019 age and children\u2019s language ability were also significant predictors in the final regression model. Results suggest that the capacity to shift mental sets is linked with inter-individual differences in children\u2019s understanding of situational causes of emotion. Therefore studying EFs as correlates of emotion understanding is an important focus of future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025414556096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,25]],"date-time":"2014-10-25T20:09:40Z","timestamp":1414267780000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Emotion understanding in preschool children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Eva Costa","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maia University Institute - ISMAI & Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Ver\u00edssimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W.J.C.R., ISPA University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320903548084"},{"key":"bibr2-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9220-3"},{"key":"bibr3-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1041-6080(96)90020-5"},{"key":"bibr4-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000201"},{"key":"bibr5-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031056"},{"key":"bibr6-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01227.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2011.00593.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1232"},{"key":"bibr9-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2007.08.002"},{"key":"bibr10-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00061"},{"key":"bibr11-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198569183.003.0012"},{"key":"bibr12-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151004323044573"},{"key":"bibr13-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2011.602049"},{"key":"bibr14-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00139"},{"key":"bibr15-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750"},{"key":"bibr16-0165025414556096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/016502500383241"},{"key":"bibr17-0165025414556096","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised: Form M","author":"Dunn L. 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