{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:32:12Z","timestamp":1777912332968,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Organization Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Genocide has been a constant presence in the history of humanity throughout the ages. Recently, calls to study the organization of genocide and genocidal organizations have been increasing. In this paper we study the functioning of the S-21 extermination camp, an instrument of \u00c2ngkar, \u2018The Organization\u2019, which imposed genocide on the Cambodian people in the 1970s. We analyse the conditions that enable the organization of genocide, showing that three pillars seem to play essential roles: a utopian vision; support of this vision by total institutional spaces, and the control commitments of the people caught in the utopian vortex. Genocide appears as a potential outcome of the particular type of organization combining these three processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840612464611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T11:56:53Z","timestamp":1354795013000},"page":"1735-1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Theory and Practice of Utopia in a Total Institution: The Pineapple Panopticon"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Stewart","family":"Clegg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology, Sydney, Australia and Nova School of Business and Economics, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel Pina","family":"e Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova School of Business and Economics, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arm\u00e9nio","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2571626"},{"key":"bibr2-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713677622"},{"key":"bibr3-0170840612464611","volume-title":"For Marx","author":"Althusser L.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr4-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Eichmann in Jerusalem: a report on the banality of evil","author":"Arendt H.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr5-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840602232001"},{"key":"bibr6-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Snakes in suit: when psychopaths go to work","author":"Babiak P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr7-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0303_3"},{"key":"bibr8-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Modernity and the holocaust","author":"Bauman Z.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr9-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.975"},{"key":"bibr10-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Cambodia\u2019s curse","author":"Brinkley J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr11-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Voices from S-21: terror and history in Pol Pot\u2019s secret prison","author":"Chandler D.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr12-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1056492606294640"},{"key":"bibr13-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446215715"},{"key":"bibr14-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Human behaviour in the concentration camp","author":"Cohen E.","year":"1954"},{"key":"bibr15-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2158379X.2012.698903"},{"key":"bibr16-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-010-0510-5"},{"key":"bibr17-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744935911406174"},{"key":"bibr18-0170840612464611","author":"Daneshkhu S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Financial Times"},{"key":"bibr19-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00142840"},{"key":"bibr20-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520312753"},{"key":"bibr21-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840611410805"},{"key":"bibr22-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203361832"},{"key":"bibr23-0170840612464611","volume-title":"The lost executioner: a story of Comrade Duch and the Khmer Rouge","author":"Dunlop N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr24-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Victims and perpetrators? Testimony of young Khmer Rouge comrades","author":"Ea M-T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr25-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2007.24160888"},{"key":"bibr26-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/231294"},{"key":"bibr27-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800405284363"},{"key":"bibr28-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Discipline and punish","author":"Foucault M.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr29-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00578069"},{"key":"bibr30-0170840612464611","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Totalitarianism and political religions: Volume 1: Concepts for the comparison of dictatorships","author":"Gadshiev K.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr31-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840611410810"},{"key":"bibr32-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055404001182"},{"key":"bibr33-0170840612464611","volume-title":"The presentation of self in everyday life","author":"Goffman E.","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr34-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Asylums","author":"Goffman E.","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr35-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Hitler\u2019s willing executioners: ordinary Germans and the Holocaust","author":"Goldhagen D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr36-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Worse than war","author":"Goldhagen D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr37-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Black mass: apocalyptic religion and the death of Utopia","author":"Gray J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr38-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2002.tb03576.x"},{"key":"bibr39-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071791907304225"},{"key":"bibr40-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2783388"},{"key":"bibr41-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Why do they kill? Cambodia in the shadow of genocide","author":"Hinton A. L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr42-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851706"},{"key":"bibr43-0170840612464611","volume-title":"The foundations of organizational evil","author":"Jurkiewicz C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr44-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2092438"},{"key":"bibr45-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840604040672"},{"key":"bibr46-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Bad leadership","author":"Kellerman B.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr47-0170840612464611","volume-title":"The Pol Pot regime: race, power and genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975\u20131979","author":"Kiernan B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr48-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259349"},{"key":"bibr49-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1999.1707"},{"key":"bibr50-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840609357386"},{"key":"bibr51-0170840612464611","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Totalitarianism and political religions. Volume I: Concepts for the comparison of dictatorships","author":"L\u00fcbbe H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr52-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-02248-9"},{"key":"bibr53-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985826"},{"key":"bibr54-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2008.0045"},{"key":"bibr55-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674040564"},{"key":"bibr56-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Obedience to authority: an experimental view","author":"Milgram S.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr57-0170840612464611","volume-title":"A Cambodian prison portrait","author":"Nath V.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr58-0170840612464611","author":"Nohria N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Note on human behavior: Character and situation"},{"key":"bibr59-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Anarchy, state and utopia","author":"Nozick R.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr60-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00208825.2000.11656802"},{"key":"bibr61-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2009.37007999"},{"key":"bibr62-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/230190"},{"key":"bibr63-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10245289808523504"},{"key":"bibr64-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Utopia and organization","author":"Parker M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr65-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Modern sociological theory","author":"Ritzer G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr66-0170840612464611","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Searching for the Truth","author":"Scheffer D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr67-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638701300104"},{"key":"bibr68-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Domination and the arts of resistance: hidden transcripts","author":"Scott J. C.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr69-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038509357198"},{"key":"bibr70-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230348608"},{"key":"bibr71-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Pol Pot: the history of a nightmare","author":"Short P.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr72-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2007.24160882"},{"key":"bibr73-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840611425735"},{"key":"bibr74-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840605054625"},{"key":"bibr75-0170840612464611","volume-title":"Bloodlands","author":"Snyder T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr76-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135050849964003"},{"key":"bibr77-0170840612464611","unstructured":"Stanton G. H. (1998). The eight stages of genocide. Available at: www.genocidewatch.org\/aboutgenocide\/8stagesofgenocide.html (accessed 1 November 2010)."},{"key":"bibr78-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508409353198"},{"key":"bibr79-0170840612464611","volume-title":"The First World War: Volume 1: To arms","author":"Strachan H.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr80-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.22083020"},{"key":"bibr81-0170840612464611","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Searching for the Truth","author":"Tat L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr82-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/aios.6"},{"key":"bibr83-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2391875"},{"key":"bibr84-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840608100518"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr85-0170840612464611","first-page":"73","volume":"6","author":"Willmott H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Management"},{"key":"bibr86-0170840612464611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218711003739060"}],"container-title":["Organization Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0170840612464611","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0170840612464611","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0170840612464611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:51:36Z","timestamp":1777650696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0170840612464611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0170840612464611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0170840612464611","relation":{},"ISSN":["0170-8406","1741-3044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0170-8406","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}