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These were processes of resistance that could not have been planned (otherwise they would obviously have been thwarted by authority) and that occurred in a setting with continuously changing conditions. Our purpose in making this analysis is to identify the micro-foundations and behaviours of enacting resistance and forming a truce under conditions where planning and executing cannot be assumed to be orderly and linear. We discuss the battlefield context of intense competition and mutual suffering as an organizational setting in order to provide a more precise explanation of how rules and structures can be (at least) temporarily suspended in the workplace. We rethink the construct of resistance as an act of improvisation; we do so by developing a framework that explains how resistance can emerge and be quashed in workplace settings that might appear at first sight to be immune. Therefore, we combine two themes that have largely been separated in theory: resistance and improvisation. Doing so opens new ground in three ways. First, we contribute to literature about resistance by explaining how it was constructed as action suspending rules and structures in hostile contexts. Second, we show the political-motivational dimension of improvisation. Third, we extend the notion of truce as not an end in itself (a temporary settlement) but as an avenue to achieve a real objective (e.g. to change the course of history for the better).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840619882957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T04:19:12Z","timestamp":1576124352000},"page":"615-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rethinking Resistance as an Act of Improvisation: Lessons from the 1914 Christmas Truce"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s J. B.","family":"Wiedemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FOM University of Applied Sciences, Germany and WHU \u2013 Otto Beisheim School of Management, Germany"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pina e Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stewart R.","family":"Clegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Technology Sydney, Australia and Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0170840619882957","unstructured":"(1974). \u201cIl y a 60 ans sur le front: La le\u00e7on de noel\u201d [newspaper clipping]. In Flanders Field Museum, Ypres."},{"key":"bibr2-0170840619882957","unstructured":"Acton J. H. (1975). \u201cInterview by K. Chambers\u201d [tape recording]. Imperial War Museum Collection (No. 24881). 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