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The bias in previous literature was due to the fact that the models used for social factors were underspecified: they included only structural and organizational dimensions and ignored social identity. However, when the model was correctly specified by adding indicators of social identity, it was possible to reach an opposite conclusion. The cases studied were 12 western European countries (Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, and Ireland) in 1990 and 1999. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0192512106067358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,25]],"date-time":"2006-10-25T17:45:40Z","timestamp":1161798340000},"page":"359-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Bringing Social Identities Back In: The Social Anchors of Left-Right                 Orientation in Western Europe"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Social Sciences and Business Studies (ISCTE), Lisbon,                         Portugal,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2110737"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511521560"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates, 1885-1985","author":"Bartolini, S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the \u201850s","author":"Bell, D.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Direita e Esquerda","author":"Bobbio, N.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Issue Voting","author":"Borre, O.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199244003.001.0001","volume-title":"Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments 1945-1998","author":"Budge, I.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"The American Voter","author":"Campbell, A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Ideology and Discontent","author":"Converse, P.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Contemporary Political Ideologies","author":"Eatwell, R.","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb11","first-page":"1303","volume":"81","author":"Flanagan, S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries","author":"Franklin, M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Freire, A. 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