{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:24:40Z","timestamp":1794007480705,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["West J Nurs Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human trafficking is a global population health threat. Trafficking minors threatens the safety and well-being of youth. Limited studies measure health care providers\u2019 awareness and attitudes toward trafficking. This systematic review synthesized retrospective and current knowledge and identified gaps in educational interventions aimed at increasing providers\u2019 awareness and attitudes toward trafficking. A systematic search of four databases identified peer-reviewed published papers between January 1, 2000 and September 1, 2018. The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews was followed. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. The Psychometric Grading Framework was used to assess the validity of instruments. Findings across studies ( N = 7) reveal providers (mostly social workers and physicians) have low awareness of trafficking and can have negative attitudes toward victims. Multiphase educational approaches and use of content experts, including survivors, in developing interventions enhanced sustainability of outcomes. Targeting multidisciplinary health care teams, including nurses, enhanced interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945919837366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T09:48:55Z","timestamp":1553852935000},"page":"131-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Systematic Review of Human Trafficking Educational Interventions for Health Care Providers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0383-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Fraley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University, Fullerton, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri","family":"Aronowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanni M.","family":"Stoklosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1942602X13501202"},{"key":"bibr2-0193945919837366","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). AAP outlines medical needs of child sex trafficking victims. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/about-the-aap\/aap-press-room\/pages\/AAP-Outlines-Medical-Needs-of-Child-Sex-Trafficking-Victims.aspx"},{"key":"bibr3-0193945919837366","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement on children victimized by global human trafficking. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/about-the-aap\/aap-press-room\/Pages\/AAP-Issues-Policy-Statement-on-Children-Victimized-by-Global-Human-Trafficking.aspx"},{"key":"bibr4-0193945919837366","volume-title":"Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education, Joint Committee on Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr5-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks D., Kyckelhahn T. (2011, April). Characteristics of suspected human trafficking incidents. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cshti0810.pdf","DOI":"10.1037\/e725812011-001"},{"key":"bibr6-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2814"},{"key":"bibr7-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840514524732"},{"key":"bibr8-0193945919837366","unstructured":"Dank M., Yahner J., Madden K., Banuelos I., Yu L., Ritchie A. Conner B. (2015). Surviving the streets of New York: Experiences of LGBTQ youth, YMSM, and YWSW engaged in survival sex. Urban Institute. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.urban.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/42186\/2000119-Surviving-the-Streets-of-New-York.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1002"},{"key":"bibr10-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2018.03.021"},{"key":"bibr11-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377"},{"key":"bibr12-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.04.016"},{"key":"bibr13-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X09346132"},{"key":"bibr14-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894318417724456"},{"key":"bibr15-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0000000000000197"},{"key":"bibr16-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000287"},{"key":"bibr17-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840512448402"},{"key":"bibr18-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2014.07.001"},{"key":"bibr19-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002439"},{"key":"bibr20-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-4138"},{"key":"bibr21-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000602"},{"key":"bibr22-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/18798"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr23-0193945919837366","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Isaac R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk"},{"key":"bibr24-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kann L., McManus T., Harris W. A., Shanklin S. L., Flint K. H., Hawkins J. Zaza S. (2016). Youth risk behavior surveillance\u2014United States, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Surveillance Summary, 65(6), 1-174. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/65\/ss\/pdfs\/ss6506.pdf","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6506a1"},{"key":"bibr25-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2013.2.16195"},{"key":"bibr26-0193945919837366","first-page":"61","volume":"23","author":"Lederer L. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of Health Law"},{"key":"bibr27-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2012.11.20.2.13.c9436"},{"key":"bibr28-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.11.015"},{"key":"bibr29-0193945919837366","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Macias-Konstantopoulos W. L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research on Children"},{"key":"bibr30-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2013.04.002"},{"key":"bibr31-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed1000097"},{"key":"bibr32-0193945919837366","unstructured":"Musu-Gillette L., Zhang A., Wang K., Zhang J., Oudekerk B. A. (2017). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2016 (NCES 2017-064\/NCJ 250650). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2018\/2018036.pdf"},{"key":"bibr33-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.1901.2012.37"},{"key":"bibr34-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1446.2008.00681.x"},{"key":"bibr35-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.10.009"},{"key":"bibr36-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2018.06.004"},{"key":"bibr37-0193945919837366","first-page":"914","volume":"17","author":"Stoklosa H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Medical Association Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"bibr38-0193945919837366","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 2015 Eastern SPR Annual Meeting, Washington D.C","author":"Titchen K. E.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr39-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.05.006"},{"key":"bibr40-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1314927"},{"key":"bibr41-0193945919837366","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2000). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/middleeastandnorthafrica\/\/human-trafficking\/Tip_Protocol_English.pdf"},{"key":"bibr42-0193945919837366","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice. (2016). The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction: A report to Congress. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/psc\/file\/842411\/download"},{"key":"bibr43-0193945919837366","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Labor Federal Employees\u2019 Compensation Act. (1995). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/cgi-bin\/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=e94b2dfd6265049fd654439f9f738212&rgn=div5&view=text&node=20:1.0.1.2.2&idno=20#se20.1.10_1310"},{"key":"bibr44-0193945919837366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/pubh.2015.00006"}],"container-title":["Western Journal of Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193945919837366","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0193945919837366","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0193945919837366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:26:22Z","timestamp":1777652782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0193945919837366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0193945919837366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193945919837366","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-9459","1552-8456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-9459","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]}}}