{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T23:51:29Z","timestamp":1771977089941,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most severe form of depression and the leading cause of disability worldwide. When considering research approaches aimed at understanding MDD, it is important that their effectiveness is evaluated. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of original studies on MDD by rating their contributions to subsequent medical papers on the subject, and we compared the respective contribution of findings from non-human primate (NHP) studies and from human-based in vitro or in silico research approaches. For each publication, we conducted a quantitative citation analysis and a systematic qualitative analysis of the citations. In the majority of cases, human-based research approaches (both in silico and in vitro) received more citations in subsequent human research papers than did NHP studies. In addition, the human-based approaches were considered to be more relevant to the hypotheses and\/or to the methods featured in the citing papers. The results of this study suggest that studies based on in silico and in vitro approaches are taken into account by medical researchers more often than are NHP-based approaches. In addition, these human-based approaches are usually cheaper and less ethically contentious than NHP studies. Therefore, we suggest that the traditional animal-based approach for testing medical hypotheses should be revised, and more opportunities created for further developing human-relevant innovative techniques. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0261192919885578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T09:59:43Z","timestamp":1576490383000},"page":"128-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Relevance of <i>In Silico<\/i>, <i>In Vitro<\/i> and Non-human Primate Based Approaches to Clinical Research on Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Constan\u00e7a","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Filosofia das Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana A.M.","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa Ferreira","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica (INEB), Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Orf\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Filosofia das Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Beja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, Clinical Psychologist, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Sapage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago A.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Filosofia das Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0261192919885578","unstructured":"WHO. 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