{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:09:19Z","timestamp":1777450159264,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Culture and Science of the State of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany","award":["file number 233-1.08.03.03-121972\/131 \u2013 1.08.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["file number 233-1.08.03.03-121972\/131 \u2013 1.08.03"]}]},{"name":"BW-3Rs Center","award":["NAM-ACCEPT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAM-ACCEPT"]}]},{"name":"ERDF\/ESF project International competitiveness of NIPH in research, development and education in alternative toxicological methods","award":["No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000860"]}]},{"name":"MWK-funded 3R Center Rhine-Neckar","award":["FKZ: 33-7533.-6-1522\/9\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ: 33-7533.-6-1522\/9\/4"]}]},{"name":"Chair Mireille Aerens for the development of alternative methods and by the dept. \u2018Leefmilieu\u2019 of the Brussels Region","award":["SUB\/2021\/VUB\/Bruxelles IC-3Rs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2021\/VUB\/Bruxelles IC-3Rs"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Public awareness and discussion about animal experiments and replacement methods has greatly increased in recent years. The term \u2018the Three Rs\u2019, which stands for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal experiments, is inseparably linked in this context. A common goal within the Three Rs scientific community is to develop predictive non-animal models and to better integrate all available data from in vitro, in silico and omics technologies into regulatory decision-making processes regarding, for example, the toxicity of chemicals, drugs or food ingredients. In addition, it is a general concern to implement (human) non-animal methods in basic research. Toward these efforts, there has been an ever-increasing number of Three Rs centres and platforms established over recent years \u2014 not only to develop novel methods, but also to disseminate knowledge and help to implement the Three Rs principles in policies and education. The adoption of Directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes gave a strong impetus to the creation of Three Rs initiatives, in the form of centres and platforms. As the first of a series of papers, this article gives an overview of the European Three Rs centres and platforms, and their historical development. The subsequent articles, to be published over the course of ATLA\u2019s 50th Anniversary year, will summarise the current focus and tasks as well as the future and the plans of the Three Rs centres and platforms. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important points of contact and play an immense role in their respective countries as \u2018on the ground\u2019 facilitators of Directive 2010\/63\/EU. They are also invaluable for the widespread dissemination of information and for promoting implementation of the Three Rs in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02611929221099165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T16:58:52Z","timestamp":1652893132000},"page":"90-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Rise of Three Rs Centres and Platforms in Europe*"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Winfried","family":"Neuhaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EUSAAT and Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Reininger-Gutmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Rinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Plasenzotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Wilflingseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Joery","family":"De Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Innovation Centre-3R Alternatives (IC-3Rs), Dept. 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In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"J\u00edrov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kejlov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisbeth E.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danmarks 3R-Center, Glostrup, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Rasmus Normann","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danmarks 3R-Center, Glostrup, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Kleuser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Kral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Th\u00f6ne-Reineke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Pallocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Leist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hippenstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e93R, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e93R, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Retter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Charit\u00e93R, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3R Centre JLU Giessen, Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research (ICAR3R), Giessen, 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Germany"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Bleich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Baumgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TARC force 3R, Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Baumgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marcus W.","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Spanagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty 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K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Biochemistry & Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Unit, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Galligioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Unit, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ruiz-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Unit, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6412-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dania","family":"Movia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), 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Oort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van der Valk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Rs-Centre, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norecopa, \u2105 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, \u00c5s, Norway"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Roszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"St\u0119pnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"QSAR Lab Ltd, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Soba\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. Anna S.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMC\u2013Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno Henrique","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMC\u2013Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6168-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Sevastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romanian Center for Alternative Test Methods (ROCAM) hosted by the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Kandarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slovak National Platform for 3Rs\u2013SNP3Rs, Bratislava, Slovakia; and Department of Tissue Cultures and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Capdevila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish 3Rs Center, Swedish Board of Agriculture, J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Cederroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss 3RCC, Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Sandstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss 3RCC, Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Ragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Nataliia","family":"Bubalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National University of Food Technologies, Department of Fats, Perfumery and Cosmetic Products Technology, Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Spielmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02611929221099165","unstructured":"Russell WMS, Burch RL. 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