{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1788667827820,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R324B230011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324B230011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Topics in Early Childhood Special Education"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this qualitative study, we investigated the perspectives of early childhood service (ECS) providers on the facilitators and barriers faced by transfronterizx caregivers of autistic children in the U.S.-Mexico border. We applied thematic analysis to focus groups using the sociocultural framework for health service disparities (SCF-HSD) across levels (micro, meso, macro). Our findings highlight the challenges transfronterizx families face accessing ECS. At the micro level (i.e., child-family, and provider), we identified challenges related to language and cultural (mis)alignment and resulting efforts to adapt interventions. At the meso level (i.e., community systems) we found societally-informed family dynamics, societally-informed provider-family dynamics, autism stigma and misinformation, and border logistical barriers; at the macro level (i.e., federal policy) economic inequities in border systems, and cross-border systems challenges that impacted ECS access. Implications of this study include support for enhancing ECS access and quality for bilingual children with autism from transfronterizx communities across systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02711214261480671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T07:38:06Z","timestamp":1788507486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Childhood Services for Transfronterizx Families of Autistic Children: Perspectives From Community Providers"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5932-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana I.","family":"Ramos-Gallardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University, CA, USA"},{"name":"University of California San Diego, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura R.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5643-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen L.","family":"Orendain Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0531-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana D.","family":"Due\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anzald\u00faa G. (2015). Light in the dark = Luz en lo oscuro : rewriting identity spirituality reality (Keating A. Ed.) Duke University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9780822375036","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822375036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becerra B. J. Arias D. Becerra M. B. (2017). Low health literacy among immigrant Hispanics. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 4(3) 480\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-016-0249-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0249-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castell\u00f3n F. A. Due\u00f1as A. Luelmo P. (2025). Sacrifice uncertainty and resilience: Qualitative study of U.S.\/Mexico border mothers of autistic children. Autism 29(7) 1754\u20131768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613251322059","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613251322059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cio\u00e8-Pe\u00f1a M. (2024). Not just a \u201cmother \u201d not just one child: Untangling \u201cparental engagement\u201d for mothers of emergent bilinguals with disabilities. Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability 2 16\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18061\/jcscd.7132","DOI":"10.18061\/jcscd.7132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culver J. N. Martin Herz S. P. Guzman A. Aguayo J. Marbin J. Martinez K. James J. (2025). Caregiver experiences of racialization while accessing early intervention (EI) services for their children. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 44(4) 303\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02711214241249110","DOI":"10.1177\/02711214241249110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cycyk L. M. Coles K. O\u2019Dea K. Moore H. Sanford-Keller H. Dolata J. De Anda S. Gomez M. Huerta L. Libak A. Zuckerman K. E. (2022). Serving young children with communication disabilities from Latinx backgrounds and their families with equity: Provider perspectives. Journal of Communication Disorders 99 106254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2022.106254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2022.106254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"Dedoose Version 9.0.107. (2023). Cloud application for managing analyzing and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data. SocioCultural Research Consultants LLC. www.dedoose.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domenech-Rodr\u00edguez M. Wieling E. (2005). Developing culturally appropriate evidence-based treatments for interventions with ethnic minority populations. In Rastogi M. Wieling E. (Eds.) Voices of color: First-person accounts of ethnic minority therapists (pp. 313\u2013333). Sage Publications Inc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452231662.n18","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231662.n18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felner J. K. Henderson V. (2022). Practical strategies for health equity researchers to enhance analytic rigor and generate meaningful insights from qualitative data. Preventing Chronic Disease 19(69) E69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd19.220134","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd19.220134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller E. A. Kaiser A. P. (2020). The effects of early intervention on social communication outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50(5) 1683\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-03927-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03927-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.65528\/9780807776704"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Autism services for Latinx children: Professionals\u2019 perspectives","volume":"12","author":"G\u00f3mez L. R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez L. R., Due\u00f1as A. D., Leko M. (2025). Autism services for Latinx children: Professionals\u2019 perspectives. Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities Online Journal, 12(1), 41\u201358.","journal-title":"Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities Online Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483384436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulsrud A. Lee H. S. Hassrick E. M. Iadarola S. Pellecchia M. Shih W. Vejnoska S. Smith T. (2021). It\u2019s who you know: Caregiver social networks predict service use among under-resourced children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 88(1) 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2021.101843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2021.101843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton L. Elliott D. Quick A. Smith S. Choplin V. (2023). Exploring the use of AI in qualitative analysis: A comparative study of guaranteed income data. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 22 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/16094069231201504","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231201504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Coaching families and colleagues in early childhood","author":"Hanft B. E.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hanft B. E., Rush D. D., Shelden M. L. (2004). Coaching families and colleagues in early childhood. Brookes Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harbin S. G. Choi G. Fettig A. (2024). Reconceptualizing family-centered partnerships in parent-implemented interventions. Infants and Young Children 37(3) 256\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iyc.0000000000000271","DOI":"10.1097\/IYC.0000000000000271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennink M. Kaiser B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine 292(114523) 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khetani M. A. Richardson Z. McManus B. M. (2017). Social disparities in early intervention service use and provider-reported outcomes. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 38(7) 501\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000474","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladson-Billings G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal 32(3) 465\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00028312032003465","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312032003465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalvani P. (2014). The enforcement of normalcy in schools and the disablement of families: Unpacking master narratives on parental denial. Disability & Society 29(8) 1221\u20131233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2014.923748","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2014.923748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. D. Terol A. K. Yoon C. D. Boyd B. (2025). Culturally responsive early intervention for marginalized families of young autistic children: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Early Intervention 47(4) 379\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10538151241282994","DOI":"10.1177\/10538151241282994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leko M. M. Cook B. G. Cook L. (2021). Qualitative methods in special education research. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice 36(4) 278\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ldrp.12268","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70256\/799604hdzfay"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maga\u00f1a S. Lopez K. Aguinaga A. Morton H. (2013). Access to diagnosis and treatment services among latino children with autism spectrum disorders. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 51(3) 141\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1934-9556-51.3.141","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-51.3.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Loya M. R. Meadan H. (2024). I\u2019m one person I can\u2019t be everywhere: Challenges and needs of bilingual behavior analysts. Behavior Analysis in Practice 17(3) 841\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40617-024-00916-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-024-00916-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Loya M. R. Meadan H. Gilmartin E. M. (2026). Experiences and needs of leaders supporting multilingual ABA staff: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 56 3585\u20133599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-025-06816-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-06816-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan D. L. (2023). Exploring the use of artificial intelligence for qualitative data analysis: The case of ChatGPT. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 22 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/16094069231211248","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231211248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair V. K. K. Brea M. R. Yu B. (2025). Decolonizing speech language \u201cpathology\u201d: Critical foundational concepts for research pedagogy and praxis. Journal of Critical Study of Communication and Disability 2(2) 71\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18061\/jcscd.7143","DOI":"10.18061\/jcscd.7143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"National Association for the Education of Young Children [NAEYC] National Governing Board. (2020). Developmentally appropriate practice: A position statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. https:\/\/www.naeyc.org\/resources\/position-statements\/dap\/contents"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orendain Soto C. Due\u00f1as A. D. Castell\u00f3n F. A. Valdez Lopez K. Rocha J. (2025). \u201cThe structural rigidity of the US is missing in Mexico and the diversity and freedom of Mexico is missing in the US\u201d: Experiences of autism service providers along the US\u2013Mexico border. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi-org\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07145-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-07145-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","volume-title":"Culturally sustaining pedagogies: Teaching and learning for justice in a changing world","author":"Paris D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paris D., Alim H. S. (2017). Culturally sustaining pedagogies: Teaching and learning for justice in a changing world. Teachers College Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellecchia M. Mandell D. S. Tomczuk L. Marcus S. C. Stewart R. Stahmer A. C. Beidas R. S. Rieth S. R. Lawson G. M. (2024). A mixed-methods evaluation of organization and individual factors influencing provider intentions to use caregiver coaching in community-based early intervention. Implementation science communications 5(1) 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43058-024-00552-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-024-00552-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickard K. E. Hendrix N. M. Greenfield E. S. Yohannes M. (2024). Using causative methods to determine system-level factors driving the uptake and use of evidence-based practices in a public early intervention system. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 51(4) 554\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10488-024-01346-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-024-01346-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickard K. E. Ingersoll B. R. (2016). Quality versus quantity: The role of socioeconomic status on parent-reported service knowledge service use unmet service needs and barriers to service use. Autism 20(1) 106\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361315569745","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315569745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781036235611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandbank M. Bottema-Beutel K. Crowley S. Cassidy M. Dunham K. Feldman J. I. Crank J. Albarran S. A. Raj S. Mahbub P. Woynaroski T. G. (2020). Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children. Psychological Bulletin 146(1) 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000215","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheldrick R. C. Carter A. S. Eisenhower A. Mackie T. I. Cole M. B. Hoch N. Brunt S. Pedraza F. M. (2022). Effectiveness of screening in early intervention settings to improve diagnosis of autism and reduce health disparities. JAMA Pediatrics 176(3) 262\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5380","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman D. M. Rosario R. J. Hernandez I. A. Destin M. (2023). The ongoing development of strength-based approaches to people who hold systemically marginalized identities. Personality and Social Psychology Review 27(3) 255\u2013271. https:\/\/doi-org\/10.1177\/108886832211452","DOI":"10.1177\/10888683221145243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steed E. A. Stein R. Burke H. Charlifue-Smith R. (2023). Early childhood professionals\u2019 reported use of culturally and linguistically responsive practices during initial evaluations: A mixed methods study. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 43(3) 214\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02711214231163720","DOI":"10.1177\/02711214231163720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart S. L. Applequist K. (2019). Diverse families in early intervention: Professionals\u2019 views of coaching. Journal of Research in Childhood Education 33(2) 242\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02568543.2019.1577777","DOI":"10.1080\/02568543.2019.1577777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomczuk L. Stewart R. E. Beidas R. S. Mandell D. S. Pellecchia M. (2022). Who gets coached? A qualitative inquiry into community clinicians\u2019 decisions to use caregiver coaching. Autism 26(3) 575\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211059499","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211059499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheldon C. McKee R. (2025). AI-empowered qualitative data analysis: Training future public health researchers. CommonHealth 6(1) 27\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15367\/vd6f8w75","DOI":"10.15367\/vd6f8w75"}],"container-title":["Topics in Early Childhood Special Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02711214261480671","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02711214261480671","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02711214261480671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T03:24:42Z","timestamp":1788665082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02711214261480671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02711214261480671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02711214261480671","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-1214","1538-4845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-1214","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4845","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"article-number":"02711214261480671"}}