{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:26:22Z","timestamp":1753881982634,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and still not fully understood. Despite recent therapeutic developments, the current therapeutic arsenal of AD remains limited and is associated with long-term efficacy and safety issues. Therefore, new topical therapies with different mechanisms of action are required to overcome the limitations of existing treatments. Difamilast is a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor currently in phase 3 studies. Difamilast shows antipruritic and anti-inflammatory properties and a rapid onset of action, with significant differences in some parameters from the vehicle within 1 week of treatment. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials have shown that difamilast ointments are effective and well tolerated in adult and pediatric patients with AD, and are expected to be used for long-term AD treatment. In 2021, difamilast was the first phosphodiesterase 4inhibitor to acquire manufacturing and marketing approval in Japan for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients (2 years of age and older) with AD. This article is a narrative review of the current literature on difamilast in the management of AD. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231169445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T15:47:56Z","timestamp":1688140076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Difamilast for the treatment of atopic dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Eg\u00eddio","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0404-0870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01722-2"},{"key":"bibr2-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.09.035"},{"key":"bibr3-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.04.020"},{"key":"bibr4-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.10.023"},{"key":"bibr5-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14979"},{"key":"bibr6-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.03.023"},{"key":"bibr7-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.10.027"},{"key":"bibr8-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2016.12.003"},{"key":"bibr9-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.075"},{"key":"bibr10-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01291-2"},{"key":"bibr11-03000605231169445","unstructured":"Incyte announces U.S. FDA approval of opzelura\u2122 (Ruxolitinib) cream, a topical jak inhibitor, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Published September 21, 2021. Accessed January 1, 2022. https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20210921006072\/en\/Inc."},{"key":"bibr12-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0001-z"},{"key":"bibr13-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.023"},{"key":"bibr14-03000605231169445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00389-5"},{"key":"bibr15-03000605231169445","unstructured":"Otsuka\u2019s Moizerto\u00ae Ointment Granted Approval in Japan as a Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis. 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Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2021. https:\/\/www.dermatol.or.jp\/uploads\/uploads\/files\/guideline\/ADGL2021.pdf. 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