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In most cases, the mice did not present with obvious clinical signs, as many lesions were mild. Lesions included herniated or displaced intervertebral disk fragments, which appeared to be sporadic in most strains but were common in others. Fibro-osseous lesions of bones were a systemic disease in female mice with no effect on disk disease. Rhabdomyosarcomas were common in A\/J mice surrounding the vertebrae but also invaded into the spinal canal, sometimes almost transecting the cord. Lymphomas affected all AKR\/J mice, sometimes infiltrating into the spinal canal. Muscular dystrophy of the musculature surrounding the spine, due to mutations in the dysferlin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Dysf<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene, was common in A\/J and SJL\/J mice. Coccygeal hemivertebra was a novel strain-specific lesion only in PL\/J mice. Sporadic lesions in and around the spine included hemangiosarcomas, lymphomas (both enlarged lymph nodes and invading in and around the vertebrae), schwannomas, histiocytic sarcomas, poorly differentiated sarcomas, and epidermoid\/dermoid cysts. Since these strains have all been sequenced and annotated, polymorphisms in genes known to affect the pathogenesis of some of these lesions will be reported in other publications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858261487715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:56:16Z","timestamp":1793084176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathology of the intervertebral disks and other spinal lesions in 31 aging inbred mouse strains"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Sundberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Schofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Nacher","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth A.","family":"Sundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L.","family":"Ackert-Bicknell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerrold M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA"},{"name":"Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/21.3.404"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"Pathobiology of the Aging Mouse","author":"Mohr U","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mohr U, Dungworth DL, Capen CC, Carlton WW, Sundberg JP, Ward JM. 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