{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T12:42:17Z","timestamp":1770554537076,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151260\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151260\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychology of Music"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This article describes the results of an exploratory action research project that sought to implement an intervention proposal entitled\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Promoting Self-regulated Musical Learning in Online Lessons<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PSRL). This PSRL was developed in accordance with self-regulated learning theory and the corresponding premise that self-regulation can be activated directly through teacher instructions and indirectly by enriching the learning environment with pedagogical tools that facilitate student self-regulation. The PSRL contained two components: (1) a diagnostic approach, which aimed to understand just which self-regulation processes students deployed during practice, and (2) a training approach, which included teacher instructions and tools for self-regulation. In addition, this study explored an online learning environment tailored to activate and enhance self-regulated learning skills. Two cello students from a music education BA programme in Brazil participated in the project. The PSRL was implemented throughout 4 weeks in eight cycles of action. The findings indicate that a questioning approach and the indirect support of the online environment were associated with increased metacognitive reflection in the two students. Although the results cannot be generalized due to the small sample size, the study provides insights into teaching strategies that may support the development of students\u2019 self-regulated musical practice habits in online lessons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03057356251406890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:41:30Z","timestamp":1770183690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Building reflective practice: Implementing a self-regulated musical learning intervention proposal in online cello lessons"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0857-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Utermohl de Queiroz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ethnomusicology \u2013 Center for Studies in Music and Dance (INET-md), Department of Communication and Arts, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Foletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ethnomusicology \u2013 Center for Studies in Music and Dance (INET-md), Department of Communication and Arts, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1763-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DigiMedia \u2013 Digital Media and Interaction Research Centre, Department of Communication and Arts, University of Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaberg M. (2023). Virtual teaching in the applied string studio during the COVID-19 pandemic. String Research Journal 13 51\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19484992221121759","DOI":"10.1177\/19484992221121759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo M. V. (2016). Measuring self-regulated practice behaviours in highly skilled musicians. Psychology of Music 44(2) 278\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735614567554","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735614567554"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bandura A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry N. H. Hallam S. (2002). Practice. In Parncutt R. McPherson G. (Eds.) The science & psychology of music performance: Creative strategies for teaching and learning. Oxford Academic. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138108.003.0010","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138108.003.0010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","volume-title":"Cello, bow and you: Putting it all together","author":"Benedetti E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benedetti E. (2017). Cello, bow and you: Putting it all together. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V. Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2) 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brook J. Upitis R. (2015). Can an online tool support contemporary independent music teaching and learning? Music Education Research 17(1) 34\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14613808.2014.969217","DOI":"10.1080\/14613808.2014.969217"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cain T. (2008). The characteristics of action research in music education. British Journal of Music Education 25(3) 283\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0265051708008115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265051708008115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleary T. J. Zimmerman B. J. (2004). Self-regulation empowerment program: A school-based program to enhance self-regulated and self-motivated cycles of student learning. Psychology in the Schools 41(5) 537\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.10177","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.10177"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","volume-title":"Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Creswell J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dignath C. Veenman M. V. J. (2021). The role of direct strategy instruction and indirect activation of self-regulated learning \u2013 Evidence from classroom observation studies. Educational Psychology Review 33(2) 489\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-020-09534-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09534-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measures of instructional effectiveness in music research","volume":"143","author":"Duke R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duke R. (2000). Measures of instructional effectiveness in music research. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 143, 1\u201348.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallam S. Rinta T. Varvarigou M. Creech A. Papageorgi I. Gomes T. Lanipekun J. (2012). The development of practising strategies in young people. Psychology of Music 40(5) 652\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735612443868","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735612443868"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"How E. R. Tan L. Miksza P. (2022). A PRISMA review of research on music practice. Musicae Scientiae 26(3) 675\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10298649211005531","DOI":"10.1177\/10298649211005531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim S. J. (2010). A study of self-regulated learning in college string majors. String Research Journal 1(1) 39\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/194849921000100103","DOI":"10.1177\/194849921000100103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirschenbaum D. S. Karoly P. (1977). When self-regulation fails: Tests of some preliminary hypotheses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 45(6) 1116\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.45.6.1116","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006X.45.6.1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Metacognition: An overview","volume":"13","author":"Livingston J. A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Livingston J. A. (2003). Metacognition: An overview. Psychology, 13, 259\u2013266.","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-\u00cd\u00f1iguez G. Pozo J. I. (2016). Analysis of constructive practice in instrumental music education: Case study with an expert cello teacher. Teaching and Teacher Education 60 97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2016.08.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Cognitive strategies and skill acquisition in musical performance","volume":"133","author":"McPherson G. E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"McPherson G. E. (1997). Cognitive strategies and skill acquisition in musical performance. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 133, 64\u201371.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPherson G. E. Miksza P. Evans P. (2018). Self-regulated learning in music practice and performance. In Schunk D. H. Greene J. A. (Eds.) Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance (2nd ed. pp. 181\u2013193). Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315697048-12","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315697048-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPherson G. E. Osborne M. S. Evans P. Miksza P. (2019). Applying self-regulated learning microanalysis to study musicians\u2019 practice. Psychology of Music 47(1) 18\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735617731614","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735617731614"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199754397.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mieder K. Bugos J. A. (2017). Enhancing self-regulated practice behavior in high school instrumentalists. International Journal of Music Education 35(4) 578\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0255761417689921","DOI":"10.1177\/0255761417689921"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miksza P. (2012). The development of a measure of self-regulated practice behavior for beginning and intermediate instrumental music students. Journal of Research in Music Education 59(4) 321\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022429411414717","DOI":"10.1177\/0022429411414717"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miksza P. (2015). \u2018The effect of self-regulation instruction on the performance achievement musical self-efficacy and practicing of advanced wind player\u2019: Erratum. Psychology of Music 44(1) 152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735615616529","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735615616529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miksza P. Blackwell J. Roseth N. E. (2018). Self-regulated music practice: Microanalysis as a data collection technique and inspiration for pedagogical intervention. Journal of Research in Music Education 66(3) 295\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022429418788557","DOI":"10.1177\/0022429418788557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90928-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miksza P. Tan L. (2015). Predicting collegiate wind players\u2019 practice efficiency flow and self-efficacy for self-regulation: An exploratory study of relationships between teachers\u2019 instruction and students\u2019 practicing. Journal of Research in Music Education 63(2) 162\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022429415583474","DOI":"10.1177\/0022429415583474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","unstructured":"Mois\u00e9s L. M. (2022). Self-regulated learning: Intervention based on microanalysis techniques \u2013 A case study with pianists from the University of Aveiro [Master\u2019s thesis]. University of Aveiro."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen S. (2001). Self-regulating learning strategies in instrumental music practice. Music Education Research 3(2) 155\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14613800120089223","DOI":"10.1080\/14613800120089223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborne M. S. McPherson G. E. Miksza P. Evans P. (2021). Using a microanalysis intervention to examine shifts in musicians\u2019 self-regulated learning. Psychology of Music 49(4) 972\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0305735620915265","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735620915265"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pike P. D. (2017). Improving music teaching and learning through online service: A case study of a synchronous online teaching internship. International Journal of Music Education 35(1) 107\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0255761415613534","DOI":"10.1177\/0255761415613534"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pullmann H. Allik J. (2008). Relations of academic and general self-esteem to school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences 45(6) 559\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2008.06.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renwick J. M. McPherson G. E. (2002). Interest and choice: Student-selected repertoire and its effect on practising behaviour. British Journal of Music Education 19 173\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0265051702000256","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265051702000256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","volume-title":"Real world research","author":"Robson C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robson C., McCartan K. (2016). Real world research (4th ed.). Wiley.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"New directions in cello playing","author":"Sazer V.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sazer V. (1995). New directions in cello playing. Of Note."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10632913.2011.592469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","unstructured":"Soares L. T. (2021). Protocolo de microan\u00e1lise da pr\u00e1tica musical (PMPM): Um instrumento de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da aprendizagem musical autorregulada [Microanalysis protocol of musical practice (MPMP): An assessment tool of self-regulated music learning] [Doctoral thesis]. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_4_40_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Utermohl de Queiroz D. L\u00f3pez-\u00cd\u00f1iguez G. Foletto C. (2024). Investigating if and how string teachers instruct and support the self-regulation of students' practice in online lessons. Research Studies in Music Education 47","DOI":"10.1177\/1321103X241264943"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_4_40_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1) 129-148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1321103X241264943 (Original work published 2025)","DOI":"10.1177\/1321103X241264943"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Cork! The effects of positive and negative self-talk on dart throwing performance","volume":"18","author":"Van Raalte J. L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Van Raalte J. L., Brewer B. W., Lewis B. P., Linder D. E., Wildman G., Kozimor J. (1995). Cork! The effects of positive and negative self-talk on dart throwing performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 18(1), 50\u201357.","journal-title":"Journal of Sport Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan L. Crawford R. Jenkins L. (2023). Digital listening tools to facilitate children\u2019s self-regulation of instrumental music practice. Journal of Research in Music Education 71(1) 67\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00224294221093521","DOI":"10.1177\/00224294221093521"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman B. J. (1998). Academic studying and the development of personal skill: A self-regulatory perspective. Educational Psychologist 33(2\u20133) 73\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326985ep3302&3_3","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.1998.9653292"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50031-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Handbook of metacognition in education","author":"Zimmerman B. J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zimmerman B. J., Moylan A. R. (2009). Self-regulation: Where metacognition and motivation intersect. In Hacker D. J., Dunlosky J., Graesser A. C. (Eds.), Handbook of metacognition in education (pp. 299\u2013315). Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group."}],"container-title":["Psychology of Music"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03057356251406890","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03057356251406890","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03057356251406890","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:47:42Z","timestamp":1770464862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03057356251406890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03057356251406890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03057356251406890","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7356","1741-3087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7356","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"article-number":"03057356251406890"}}