{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:58:12Z","timestamp":1777921092835,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Top-down cracking (TDC) is a flexible pavement distress caused by a number of factors, including high contact stresses from truck tires, mix design characteristics (e.g., binder type and aggregate gradation), and poor construction quality (e.g., segregation and compaction methods). This paper presents the findings of a study seeking to quantify the effect of those factors on TDC. The study consists of a laboratory component involving an accelerated wheel-tracking device and a modeling component involving a 3-D nonlinear viscoelastic finite element model. The laboratory component of the study involved 17 asphalt bituminous slabs constructed to simulate the variation in material properties observed in the field as part of an earlier forensic TDC study. The effect on TDC of air voids, bitumen content and type, aggregate gradation, and segregation were studied under three temperature conditions. Air voids, segregation, and binder content were found to have a significant effect on TDC for all temperatures tested. Modeling the TDC involved laboratory testing to establish the viscoelastic and tensile strength properties of the asphalt mixtures tested. It was found that the rutted surface contributes significantly to TDC initiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105192900121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T09:34:55Z","timestamp":1526981695000},"page":"174-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effect of Construction Quality, Temperature, and Rutting on Initiation of Top-Down Cracking"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1929","author":[{"given":"Elisabete Fraga","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800 058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800 058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Picado\u2013Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 290 Coimbra, Portugal."}]},{"given":"A. Thomas","family":"Papagiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman WA, 99164-2910."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0361198105192900121","unstructured":"KomoriyaK., YoshidaT., and NittaH. \u201cWA-DA-CHI-WA-RE\u201d Surface Longitudinal Cracks on Asphalt Concrete Pavement. Presented at 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2001."},{"key":"bibr2-0361198105192900121","volume-title":"Development and Propagation of Surface Initiated Longitudinal Wheel Path Cracks in Flexible Highway Pavements.","author":"Myers L. A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr3-0361198105192900121","first-page":"277","volume-title":"7th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements","volume":"2","author":"Matsuno S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr4-0361198105192900121","first-page":"319","author":"Freitas E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Top-Down Cracking Study"},{"key":"bibr5-0361198105192900121","volume-title":"Investigating the Causes of Surface Cracking in Flexible Pavements Using Improved Mathematical Models.","author":"Merrill D. B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr6-0361198105192900121","volume-title":"Accelerated Testing and Surface Cracking of Asphaltic Concrete Pavements.","author":"Groenendijk J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr7-0361198105192900121","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1778","author":"Myers L. A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr8-0361198105192900121","author":"Uchida K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"9th International Conference on Asphalt Pavements"},{"key":"bibr9-0361198105192900121","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1730","author":"Uhlmeyer J. S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr10-0361198105192900121","first-page":"126","volume-title":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1809","author":"Svasdisant T.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr11-0361198105192900121","unstructured":"FreitasE., PereiraP., and Picado-SantosL. Assessment of Top-Down Cracking Causes in Asphalt Pavements. Presented at 3rd International Symposium on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal, 2003, pp. 555\u2013564."},{"key":"bibr12-0361198105192900121","unstructured":"SchorschM. R., ChangC.M., and BaladiG. Y. Effects of Segregation on Initiation and Propagation of Top-Down Cracks. Presented at 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2003."},{"key":"bibr13-0361198105192900121","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 de Materiaux de Construction.","author":"Duriez M.","year":"1950"},{"key":"bibr14-0361198105192900121","unstructured":"WangL., MyersL. A., and MohammadL. N. Micromechanics Study on Top-Down Cracking. Presented at 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2003."},{"key":"bibr15-0361198105192900121","volume-title":"DIANA Online Users Manual","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr16-0361198105192900121","first-page":"304","volume":"61","author":"Roque R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists"},{"key":"bibr17-0361198105192900121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MartinezF., and AngeloneS. Determination of Fracture Parameters of Asphalt Mixes by the Repeated Indirect Tensile Test. Presented at 6th RILEM Symposium, Zurich, Switzerland, 2003, pp. 387\u2013393.","DOI":"10.1617\/2912143772.048"}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0361198105192900121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0361198105192900121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:45:31Z","timestamp":1777664731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0361198105192900121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":17,"aliases":["10.3141\/1929-21"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0361198105192900121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198105192900121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}