{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:14:52Z","timestamp":1777922092945,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Because of technology penetration in the transportation system, the automated vehicle (AV) is set to be a future mode of transport. Given the major implications of AVs, investigation of the potential impact of these vehicles on travel behavior is vital for a wide range of purposes, especially for policy making. In this study, we report the results of a stated preference survey distributed in the Netherlands in which respondents had to choose between conventional cars, public transportation, and AVs for different travel distances and trip purposes. Having collected information from 663 respondents we conducted an integrated study incorporating classic trip attributes (such as travel time and travel costs), attitudinal factors, and socio-economic variables to understand people\u2019s choices. We studied a particular form of AVs, automated driving transport service (ADTS), which we defined as an automatically controlled door-to-door transport service provided by a vehicle with similar dimensions to a conventional car, albeit driverless. Results suggest that travelers\u2019 mode preferences vary significantly for different travel distances and purposes. We found that conventional cars and public transportation are perceived as being the least attractive alternatives in relation to in-vehicle travel time on short- and long-distance commuting trips, respectively. Preference for ADTS lay between the car and public transportation, neither the best nor the worst alternative in all scenarios. Our findings suggest that ADTS adopters are likely to prefer this mode for long-distance leisure trips rather than short-distance commuting trips.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119841032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T05:29:19Z","timestamp":1555046959000},"page":"607-616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Impact of Automated Vehicles on Travel Mode Preference for Different Trip Purposes and Distances"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2673","author":[{"given":"Peyman","family":"Ashkrof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Homem de Almeida Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Oded","family":"Cats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"van Arem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0361198119841032","unstructured":"SAE International. Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems. https:\/\/saemobilus.sae.org\/content\/j3016_201401."},{"key":"bibr2-0361198119841032","author":"Correia G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vehicle Automation and Transport System Performance"},{"key":"bibr3-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.003"},{"key":"bibr4-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap M. D., Correia G., van Arem B. Preferences of Travellers for Using Automated Vehicles as Last Mile Public Transport of Multimodal Train Trips. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 94, 2016, pp. 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2016.09.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr5-0361198119841032","unstructured":"Winter K., Oded C., Martens K., van Arem B. Stated Choice Experiment on Mode Choice in an Era of Free-Floating Carsharing and Shared Autonomous Vehicles: Raw Data. Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2017."},{"key":"bibr6-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krueger R., Rashidi T. H., Rose J. M. Preferences for Shared Autonomous Vehicles. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol. 69, 2016, pp. 343\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2016.06.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.06.015"},{"key":"bibr7-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payre W., Cestac J., Delhomme P. Intention to Use a Fully Automated Car: Attitudes and a Priori Acceptability. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 27, No. PB, 2014, pp. 252\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csda.2004.06.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.04.009"},{"key":"bibr8-0361198119841032","volume-title":"Consumer Acceptance and Travel Behavior Impacts of Automated Vehicles Final Report","author":"Zmud J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr9-0361198119841032","first-page":"1","author":"Silberg G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Self-Driving Cars: Are We Ready?"},{"key":"bibr10-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal P., Kockelman K. M., Singh A. Assessing Public Opinions of and Interest in New Vehicle Technologies: An Austin Perspective. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol. 67, 2016, pp. 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2016.01.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.01.019"},{"key":"bibr11-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haboucha C. J., Ishaq R., Shiftan Y. User Preferences Regarding Autonomous Vehicles. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol. 78, 2017, pp. 37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.010"},{"key":"bibr12-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding C., Wang D., Liu C., Zhang Y., Yang J. Exploring the Influence of Built Environment on Travel Mode Choice Considering the Mediating Effects of Car Ownership and Travel Distance. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 100, 2017, pp. 65\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2017.04.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.04.008"},{"key":"bibr13-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arentze T. A., Molin E. J. E. Travelers\u2019 Preferences in Multimodal Networks: Design and Results of a Comprehensive Series of Choice Experiments. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 58, 2013, pp. 15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2013.10.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2013.10.005"},{"key":"bibr14-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azari K. A., Arintono S., Hamid H., Davoodi S. R. Evaluation of Demand for Different Trip Purposes under Various Congestion Pricing Scenarios. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 29, 2013, pp. 43\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.01.001"},{"key":"bibr15-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiftan Y., Burd-Eden R. Modeling Response to Parking Policy. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2001. 1765: 27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/1765-05.","DOI":"10.3141\/1765-05"},{"key":"bibr16-0361198119841032","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Transport and Mobility in the Netherlands. 2016. https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/en-gb\/publication\/2016\/25\/transport-and-mobility-2016."},{"key":"bibr17-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munshi T. Built Environment and Mode Choice Relationship for Commute Travel in the City of Rajkot, India. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 44, 2016, pp. 239\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2015.12.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.12.005"},{"key":"bibr18-0361198119841032","first-page":"1","author":"Casley S. V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"A Study of Public Acceptance of Autonomous Cars"},{"key":"bibr19-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen A. F., Cherchi E., Ort\u00fazar J. de D. A Long Panel Survey to Elicit Preferences for Electric Vehicles. Transportation, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2014, pp. 973\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-014-9517-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-014-9517-6"},{"key":"bibr20-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewing G., Sarig\u00f6ll\u00fc E. Assessing Consumer Preferences for Clean-Fuel Vehicles: A Discrete Choice Experiment. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2000, pp. 106\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jppm.19.1.106.16946.","DOI":"10.1509\/jppm.19.1.106.16946"},{"key":"bibr21-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J. H., Chung J. H., Kim T. The Effect of Psychological Traits on Mode Choice Behaviour: An Application to a New Water Transit System in Seoul, Korea. Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2013, pp. 547\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03081060.2013.830891.","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2013.830891"},{"key":"bibr22-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devarasetty P. C., Burris M., Arthur W., McDonald J., Mu\u00f1oz G. J. Can Psychological Variables Help Predict the Use of Priced Managed Lanes? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 22, 2014, pp. 25\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2013.10.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2013.10.006"},{"key":"bibr23-0361198119841032","volume-title":"Choosing Transit: The Influence of Past Travel Behavior, Attitudes and Habits on Present Choices","author":"Rubin J. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr24-0361198119841032","volume-title":"Presented at 90th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board","author":"Abou-zeid M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr25-0361198119841032","volume-title":"Ngene 1.1.1 User Manual & Reference Guide","author":"ChoiceMetrics","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr26-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316136232"},{"key":"bibr27-0361198119841032","volume-title":"Frontiers of Econometrics","author":"McFadden D.","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr28-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119993308"},{"key":"bibr29-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierlaire M. BIOGEME: A Free Package for the Estimation of Discrete Choice Models. Proc., 3rd Swiss Transport Research Conference Monte Verita, Ascona, 2003, pp. 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004"},{"key":"bibr30-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwick W. R. Comparison of 5 Rules for Determining the Number of Components to Retain Comparison of Five Rules for Determining the Number of Components to Retain. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0033-2909.99.3.432.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.99.3.432"},{"key":"bibr31-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2004.06.015"},{"key":"bibr32-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henson R. K., Roberts J. K. Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2006, pp. 393\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164405282485.","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282485"},{"key":"bibr33-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido L. E., Abad F. J., Ponsoda V. A New Look at Horn\u2019s Parallel Analysis with Ordinal Variables. Psychological Methods, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2013, pp. 454\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030005.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030005"},{"key":"bibr34-0361198119841032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molnar L. J., Ryan L. H., Pradhan A. K., Eby D. W., St R. M., Zakrajsek J. S. Understanding Trust and Acceptance of Automated Vehicles: An Exploratory Simulator Study of Transfer of Control between Automated and Manual Driving. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 58, 2018, pp. 319\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2018.06.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.06.004"}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0361198119841032","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0361198119841032","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0361198119841032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:10:55Z","timestamp":1777666255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0361198119841032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0361198119841032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198119841032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]}}}