{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:20:08Z","timestamp":1776108008110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The standard framework for evaluating the impact of online shopping on travel and shopping behavior considers the possibility of complementarity, substitution, neutrality, or modification effects. Complementarity (online shopping complementing physical purchases, or vice versa) and substitution (online shopping replacing trips to physical stores and eventually the stores altogether) have generally received more attention in research, particularly the latter, since substitution may substantially impact travel and street life within cities. This paper analyzes data from a two-wave seven-day shopping and travel survey implemented in Lisbon before the COVID-19 pandemic (January\u2013February 2020) and in its aftermath (April\u2013May 2022) using a structural equation model and multigroup analysis. The results show that, in 2022, variables such as education or income, often used to characterize online shoppers, have lost significance as predictors, suggesting a broader engagement with online shopping. Moreover, the complementarity effect found in 2020 has given place to substitution, which also supports that the physical\u2013online shopping balance might have tipped toward a more generalized adoption of online shopping in the aftermath of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981231194628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T04:21:10Z","timestamp":1693455670000},"page":"2112-2124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interactions between Online Shopping, In-Store Shopping and Weekly Travel Behavior: An Analysis Before and in the Aftermath of COVID-19 in Lisbon, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2678","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7574-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS (Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability), Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"de Abreu e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS (Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability), Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouratidis K. Papagiannakis A. COVID-19 Internet and Mobility: The Rise of Telework Telehealth E-learning and E-shopping. Sustainable Cities and Society Vol. 74 2021 Article 103182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103182.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musselwhite C. Avineri E. Susilo Y. The Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 and Implications for Transport and Health. Journal of Transport and Health Vol. 16 2020 Article 100853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100853.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2020.100853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheth J. Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Behavior: Will the Old Habits Return or Die? Journal of Business Research Vol. 117 2020 pp. 280\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.059.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Statista. E-commerce Share of Total Retail Sales. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/534123\/e-commerce-share-of-retail-sales-worldwide\/. Accessed May 9 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaimo L. S. Fiore M. Galati A. How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Changing Online Food Shopping Human Behaviour in Italy. Sustainability Vol. 12 No. 22 2020 pp. 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12229594.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eger L. Kom\u00e1rkov\u00e1 L. Egerov\u00e1 D. Mi\u010d\u00edk M. The Effect of COVID-19 on Consumer Shopping Behaviour: Generational Cohort Perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Vol. 61 2021 Article 102542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102542.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck M. J. Hensher D. A. Insights into the Impact of COVID-19 on Household Travel and Activities in Australia \u2013 the Early Days under Restrictions. Transport Policy Vol. 96 2020 pp. 76\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.07.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Wee B. Witlox F. COVID-19 and its Long-Term Effects on Activity Participation and Travel Behaviour: A Multiperspective View. Journal of Transport Geography Vol. 95 2021 Article 103144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2021.103144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck M. J. Hensher D. A. Wei E. Slowly Coming Out of COVID-19 Restrictions in Australia: Implications for Working from Home and Commuting Trips by Car and Public Transport. Journal of Transport Geography Vol. 88 2020 Article 102846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102846.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Haas M. Faber R. Hamersma M. How COVID-19 and the Dutch \u201cIntelligent Lockdown\u201d Change Activities Work and Travel Behaviour: Evidence from Longitudinal Data in the Netherlands. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives Vol. 6 2020 Article 100150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100150.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejo-Borda J. Giesen R. Basnak P. Reyes J. P. Mella Lira B. Beck M. J. Hensher D. A. De Dios Ort\u00fazar J. Characterising Public Transport Shifting to Active and Private Modes in South American Capitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Vol. 164 2022 pp. 186\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2022.08.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2022.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cola\u00e7o R. De Abreu e Silva J. Exploring the Interactions between Online Shopping In-Store Shopping and Weekly Travel Behavior Using a 7-Day Shopping Survey in Lisbon Portugal. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2021 2675: 379\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361198121990672.","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198121990672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6nisch L. von Behren S. Chlond B. Vortisch P. Insights into Shopping Travel Behavior: Latent Classes in Relation to Attitudes towards Shopping. European Transport Research Review Vol. 13 No. 35 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12544-021-00492-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-021-00492-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farag S. Krizek K. J. Dijst M. E-shopping and its Relationship with In-Store Shopping: Empirical Evidence from the Netherlands and the USA. Transport Reviews Vol. 26 No. 1 2006 pp. 43\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441640500158496.","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640500158496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0017-4815.2003.00228.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotem-Mindali O. E-tail versus Retail: The Effects on Shopping-Related Travel \u2013 Empirical Evidence from Israel. Transport Policy Vol. 17 No. 5 2010 pp. 312\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranpol.2010.02.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckers J. C\u00e1rdenas I. Verhetsel A. Identifying the Geography of Online Shopping Adoption in Belgium. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Vol. 45 2018 pp. 33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2018.08.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2018.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtarian P. L. Ory D. T. Cao X. Shopping-Related Attitudes: A Factor and Cluster Analysis of Northern California Shoppers. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design Vol. 36 No. 2 2009 pp. 204\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/b34015t.","DOI":"10.1068\/b34015t"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Banjo S. Yap L. Murphy C. Chan V. Coronavirus Outbreak is World\u2019s Largest Work-from-Home Experiment. Time February 3 2020. https:\/\/time.com\/5776660\/coronavirus-work-from-home\/. Accessed August 8 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stankowska A. Stankowska-Mazur I. The Third Wave of COVID-19 versus the Residential Preferences in Poland: An Assessment of Economic Factors and Psychological Determinants. Sustainability (Switzerland) Vol. 14 No. 3 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14031339.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Perez S. Nextdoor Adds Help Maps and Groups to Connect Neighbors during the Coronavirus Outbreak. TechCrunch. https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2020\/03\/19\/nextdoor-adds-help-maps-and-groups-to-connect-neighbors-during-the-coronavirus-outbreak\/?Accessed August 8 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2021.370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y. Xiang X. Examine the Associations between Perceived Neighborhood Conditions Physical Activity and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Health and Place Vol. 67 2021 Article 102505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102505.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J. Hallsworth A. G. Coca-Stefaniak J. A. Changing Grocery Shopping Behaviours among Chinese Consumers at the Outset of the COVID-19 Outbreak. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie Vol. 111 No. 3 2020 pp. 574\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tesg.12420.","DOI":"10.1111\/tesg.12420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parady G. Taniguchi A. Takami K. Travel Behavior Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: Analyzing the Effects of Risk Perception and Social Influence on Going-Out Self-Restriction. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives Vol. 7 2020 Article 100181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100181.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2020.100181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakibaei S. de Jong G. C. Alpk\u00f6kin P. Rashidi T. H. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Travel Behavior in Istanbul: A Panel Data Analysis. Sustainable Cities and Society Vol. 65 2021 Article 102619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102619.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtarian P. L. A Conceptual Analysis of the Transportation Impacts of B2C E-commerce. Transportation Vol. 31 No. 3 2004 pp. 257\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:PORT.0000025428.64128.d3.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PORT.0000025428.64128.d3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Berg P. Larosi H. Maussen S. Arentze T. Sense of Place Shopping Area Evaluation and Shopping Behaviour. Geographical Research Vol. 59 No. 4 2021 pp. 584\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-5871.12485.","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-5871.12485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"298","volume":"2677","author":"Matson G.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matson G., McElroy S., Lee Y., Circella G. Longitudinal Analysis of COVID-19 Impacts on Mobility: An Early Snapshot of the Emerging Changes in Travel Behavior. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2021. 2677, 298\u2013312.","journal-title":"Longitudinal Analysis of COVID-19 Impacts on Mobility: An Early Snapshot of the Emerging Changes in Travel Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi G. Cao X. Zhen F. The Impacts of Same Day Delivery Online Shopping on Local Store Shopping in Nanjing China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Vol. 136 2020 pp. 35\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2020.03.030.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao X. Xu Z. Douma F. The Interactions between E-shopping and Traditional In-Store Shopping: An Application of Structural Equations Model. Transportation Vol. 39 No. 5 2012 pp. 957\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-011-9376-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-011-9376-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y. (Cara) Wang X. Explore the Relationship between Online Shopping and Shopping Trips: An Analysis with the 2009 NHTS Data. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Vol. 70 2014 pp. 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2014.09.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2014.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi G. Zhen F. Cao X. Xu F. The Interaction between E-shopping and Store Shopping: Empirical Evidence from Nanjing China. Transportation Letters Vol. 12 No. 3 2018 pp. 157\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19427867.2018.1546797.","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2018.1546797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding Y. Lu H. The Interactions between Online Shopping and Personal Activity Travel Behavior: An Analysis with a GPS-Based Activity Travel Diary. Transportation Vol. 44 No. 2 2015 pp. 311\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11116-015-9639-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9639-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah H. Carrel A. L. Le H. T. K. What is Your Shopping Travel Style? Heterogeneity in US Households\u2019 Online Shopping and Travel. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Vol. 153 2021 pp. 83\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2021.08.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weltevreden J. W. J. Substitution or Complementarity? How the Internet Changes City Centre Shopping. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Vol. 14 No. 3 2007 pp. 192\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2006.09.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao X. E-Shopping Spatial Attributes and Personal Travel. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2009. 2135: 160\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/2135-19.","DOI":"10.3141\/2135-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao R. Derudder B. Witlox F. The Geography of E-shopping in China: On the Role of Physical and Virtual Accessibility. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Vol. 64 2022 Article 102753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102753.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen F. Du X. Cao X. Mokhtarian P. L. The Association between Spatial Attributes and E-shopping in the Shopping Process for Search Goods and Experience Goods: Evidence from Nanjing. Journal of Transport Geography Vol. 66 2018 pp. 291\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid B. Axhausen K. W. In-Store or Online Shopping of Search and Experience Goods: A Hybrid Choice Approach. Journal of Choice Modelling Vol. 31 2018 pp. 156\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocm.2018.03.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2018.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","unstructured":"Republica Portuguesa. Comunicado Do Conselho de Ministros de 17 de Fevereiro de 2022 \u2013 XXII Governo \u2013 Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa. https:\/\/www.portugal.gov.pt\/pt\/gc22\/governo\/comunicado-de-conselho-de-ministros?i=469. Accessed July 27 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"INE. Censos 2021. https:\/\/tabulador.ine.pt\/censos2021\/. Accessed May 9 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pas E. I. Sundar S. Intrapersonal Variability in Daily Urban Travel Behavior: Some Additional Evidence. Transportation Vol. 22 No. 2 1995 pp. 135\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01099436.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01099436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sammer G. Gruber C. Roeschel G. Tomschy R. Herry M. The Dilemma of Systematic Underreporting of Travel Behavior When Conducting Travel Diary Surveys \u2013 A Meta-Analysis and Methodological Considerations to Solve the Problem. Transportation Research Procedia Vol. 32 2018 pp. 649\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/9781786359551-028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","unstructured":"INE. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Atividades Econ\u00f3micas. Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica. http:\/\/www.sicae.pt\/Legislacao.aspx. Accessed August 17 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming","author":"Byrne B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Byrne B. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. Routledge, New York, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","volume-title":"IBM\u00ae SPSS\u00ae AmosTM 20 User\u2019s Guide","author":"Arbuckle J. L.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arbuckle J. L. IBM\u00ae SPSS\u00ae AmosTM 20 User\u2019s Guide. IBM, Chicago, IL, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and Extensions (Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences","author":"Kaplan D. W.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaplan D. W. Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and Extensions (Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golob T. F. Structural Equation Modeling for Travel Behavior Research. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological Vol. 37 No. 1 2003 pp. 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00046-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00046-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/047172212X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de O\u00f1a R. de Abreu e Silva J. Mu\u00f1oz-Monge C. De O\u00f1a J. Users\u2019 Satisfaction Evolution of a Metropolitan Transit System in a Context of Economic Downturn. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Vol. 12 No. 1 2018 pp. 66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15568318.2017.1328546.","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2017.1328546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucchesi S. T. Larranaga A. M. Ochoa J. A. A. Samios A. A. B. Cybis H. B. B. The Role of Security and Walkability in Subjective Wellbeing: A Multigroup Analysis among Different Age Cohorts. Research in Transportation Business and Management Vol. 40 2021 pp. 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rtbm.2020.100559.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2020.100559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng X.-L. Posterior Predictive P-Values. The Annals of Statistics Vol. 22 No. 3 1994 pp. 1142\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1214\/aos\/1176325622.","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176325622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118358887"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee S.-Y. Song X.-Y. Bayesian Analysis of Structural Equation Models with Dichotomous Variables. Statistics in Medicine Vol. 22 No. 19 2003 pp. 3073\u20133088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1544.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cain M. K. Zhang Z. Fit for a Bayesian: An Evaluation of PPP and DIC for Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling a Multidisciplinary Journal Vol. 26 No. 1 2019 pp. 39\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2018.1490648.","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2018.1490648"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Logistics Research Methods: Employing Structural Equation Modeling to Test for Construct Validity","volume":"20","author":"Garver M. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garver M. S., Mentzer J. T. Logistics Research Methods: Employing Structural Equation Modeling to Test for Construct Validity. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1999, pp. 33\u201357.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Logistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Issues and Procedures in Adopting Structural Equation Modelling Technique","volume":"3","author":"Hoe S. L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoe S. L. Issues and Procedures in Adopting Structural Equation Modelling Technique. Journal of Quantitative Methods, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2008, pp. 76\u201383.","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farag S. Schwanen T. Dijst M. Faber J. Shopping Online and\/or In-Store? A Structural Equation Model of the Relationships between E-shopping and In-Store Shopping. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Vol. 41 No. 2 2007 pp. 125\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2006.02.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2006.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cola\u00e7o R. De Abreu e Silva J. Exploring the E-shopping Geography of Lisbon: Assessing Online Shopping Adoption for Retail Purchases and Food Deliveries Using a 7-Day Shopping Survey. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services Vol. 65 2022 Article 102859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102859.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke G. Thompson C. Birkin M. The Emerging Geography of E-commerce in British Retailing. Regional Studies Regional Science Vol. 2 No. 1 2015 pp. 371\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21681376.2015.1054420.","DOI":"10.1080\/21681376.2015.1054420"}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03611981231194628","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03611981231194628","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03611981231194628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1762945152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03611981231194628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03611981231194628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03611981231194628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}}}