{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:45:35Z","timestamp":1777920335001,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Review of Radical Political Economics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article estimates the rate of surplus value of the Portuguese economy between 1995 and 2022 based on Marx\u2019s labor theory of value. Drawing on national accounts and input-output tables, we calculate the monetary expression of labor time (MELT) and trace its evolution alongside working hours, real wages, and productivity. Our findings reveal a rising rate of exploitation, particularly during the post-2008 austerity period, and highlight the growing appropriation of income by capital. The results demonstrate the empirical relevance of Marxist value theory for understanding long-term class dynamics in a peripheral European economy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>JEL Classification:<\/jats:bold>\n                    B51, E25, C67\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/04866134261415648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:26:51Z","timestamp":1772087211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Calculation of the Rate of Surplus Value of the Portuguese Economy: An Empirical Approach Based on the Marxist Labor Theory of Value"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Viegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEGEIT\u2013Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119483328.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030981689505500105"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030981689605900105"},{"issue":"287","key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","article-title":"The empirics of the labour theory of value: Reply to Nitzan and Bichler","volume":"73","author":"Cockshott Paul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cockshott Paul, Cottrell Allin, Baeza Alejandro Valle. 2014. The empirics of the labour theory of value: Reply to Nitzan and Bichler. Investigaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica 73 (287): 115\u201334.","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","volume-title":"Quantitative Marxism","author":"Desai Meghnad","year":"1991","unstructured":"Desai Meghnad. 1991. Methodological problems in quantitative Marxism. In Quantitative Marxism, ed. Roemer John. Cambridge: Polity."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003682378304700403"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/048661348201400204"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/048661340003200101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"The Evolution of Economic Theory","author":"Foley Duncan K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foley Duncan K. 2013. The long-period method and Marx\u2019s theory of value. In The Evolution of Economic Theory, ed. Caspari Volker 15\u201338. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.cje.a035115"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","volume-title":"The Foundations of the Capitalist Economy: An Introduction to a Marxist Economic Analysis of Contemporary Capitalism","author":"Gouverneur Jacques","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gouverneur Jacques. 2005. The Foundations of the Capitalist Economy: An Introduction to a Marxist Economic Analysis of Contemporary Capitalism. Brussels: Contradictions."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica. 2024. Statistical Yearbook of Portugal\u20142023. Lisbon: INE. 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