{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:54:18Z","timestamp":1777920858793,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Science Information"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>English<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article aims to show, first, that gender representations are embedded in the organizational forms and dominant culture of science and, second, that scientists and scientific institutions have contributed to the perpetuation of gender representations, in particular the representation of women as a sexed category. The theoretical framework of this analysis articulates studies on gender and science with the theory of social representations. Three periods will be considered to illustrate the argument: first, the period of exclusion of women from science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; second, the period of the development of women's and gender studies in the 1960s and 1970s; and finally, the implications of the past for the present, discussed in the light of recent changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>French<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Cet article tend tout d'abord \u00e0 montrer que les repr\u00e9sentations de genre sont ancr\u00e9es dans les formes organisationnelles et la culture dominante de la science. Il vise aussi \u00e0 montrer que les scientifiques et les institutions scientifiques ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la perp\u00e9tuation des repr\u00e9sentations de genre, et en particulier \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation des femmes comme cat\u00e9gorie sexu\u00e9e. Le cadre th\u00e9orique de l'analyse articule tout \u00e0 la fois les \u00e9tudes sur le genre et la science et la th\u00e9orie des repr\u00e9sentations sociales. On consid\u00e9rera trois p\u00e9riodes pour illustrer l'argument. Tout d'abord, la p\u00e9riode de l'exclusion des femmes du domaine scientifique \u00e0 la fin du 19\u00e8me et au d\u00e9but du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Puis, la p\u00e9riode du d\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9tudes sur le genre et la science dans les ann\u00e9es 1960 et 1970. Enfin, on discutera les implications du pass\u00e9 pour le pr\u00e9sent \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re des changements r\u00e9cents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0539018405050444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,7]],"date-time":"2005-02-07T07:39:17Z","timestamp":1107761957000},"page":"65-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Reflections on science as a gendered endeavour: changes and continuities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Am\u00e2ncio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEPSO, ISCTE, Av. das Forcas Armadas, 2,1649\u2013 026 Lisbon,                         Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"atypb1","first-page":"22","volume":"12","author":"Abele, A.E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Bulletin of Social Psychology"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives. Women in Science 1789\u20131979","author":"Abir-Am, P.G.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124390004002002"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Hypathia's Heritage. A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Late Nineteeth Century","author":"Alic, M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"79","volume":"2","author":"Amancio, L.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1386\/pjss.1.3.185"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Temas e debates em psicologia social","author":"Amancio, L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Actes du Colloque Europ\u00e9en \u201cConstruire d\u2019Autres Savoirs avec les Femmes\u201d","author":"Amancio, L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"188","volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations","author":"Apfelbaum, E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135050680100800203"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3917\/puf.bloss.2001.02.0103","volume-title":"La dialectique des rapports hommes\u2013femmes","author":"Baudelot, C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Feminist Foundations. Toward Transforming Sociology","author":"Bernard, J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"171","volume-title":"The Outer Circle: Women in the Scienti.c Community","author":"Bielby, W.T.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"La domination masculine","author":"Bourdieu, P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Cifoletti, G. and Lage, E. (2003) \u201cDonnees europeennes sur la                 situation des femmes et des hommes dans les professions scienti.ques\u201d,                 paper presented at the \u201cJournee de Re.exion Hommes et Femmes a`                 l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales\u201d, Paris: EHESS,                 pp. 11\u201316."},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Women and Science. Proceedings of the Conference","author":"Colosimo, A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Women and Science. Making Change Happen. Proceedings of the Conference","author":"Colosimo, A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.881933"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Women and Gender. A Feminist Psychology","author":"Crawford, M.","year":"2000","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"L'ennemi principal. Economie politique du patriarcat","author":"Delphy, C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.4.465"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Mulheres na ciencia","author":"dos Santos","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"239","volume-title":"The Outer Circle: Women in the Scienti.c Community","author":"Epstein, C.F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Science Policies in the European Union: Promoting Excellence Through Mainstreaming Gender Equality","author":"ETAN (European Technology Assessment Network on Women and Science)","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541414"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Les femmes et l'universit\u00e9 en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e","author":"Fave-Bonnet","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"188","volume-title":"The Outer Circle: Women in the Scienti.c Community","author":"Fox, M.F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Handbook of Science and Technology Studies","author":"Fox, M. F.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Muse de la Raison. D\u00e9mocratie et exclusion des femmes","author":"Fraisse, G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda, Sociedad e Innovacion 2: 18 pages","author":"Gonzalez Garcia, M.I.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Sexe, race et pratique du pouvoir. L'id\u00e9e de nature","author":"Guillaumin, C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Open the Social Sciences","author":"Gulbenkian Commission on Social Sciences","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Making a Difference. Psychology and the Construction of Gender","author":"Hare-Mustin, R.T.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"University of Helsinki, Department of Social Psychology","author":"Husu, L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Comunidade cient\u00ed.ca portuguesa nos .nais do s\u00e9culo XX","author":"Jesuino, J.C.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Menina e mo\u00e7 a. A constru\u00e7 \u00e3o social da feminilidade","author":"Joaquim, T.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Representations of the Social","author":"Jovchelovitch, S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"80","volume-title":"Handbook of Science and Technology Studies","author":"Keller, E.F.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198751458.001.0001","volume-title":"Feminism and Science","author":"Keller, E.F.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.12.1080"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3917\/puf.laufe.2001.01.0011","volume-title":"Masculin\u2013f\u00e9minin: questions pour les sciences de l'homme","author":"Laufer, J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Gender and Science Reader","author":"Lederman, M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Nobel Prize Women in Science. Their Lives, Struggles and Momentous Discoveries","author":"McGrayne, S.B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"Rosalind Franklin, the Dark Lady ofDNA","author":"Maddox, B.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb45","first-page":"73","volume":"3","author":"Marry, C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Les Cahiers du Mage"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3917\/puf.laufe.2001.01.0025","volume-title":"Masculin\u2013f\u00e9minin: questions pour les sciences de l\u2019homme","author":"Marry, C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3917\/puf.laufe.2001.01.0043","volume-title":"Masculin\u2013 f\u00e9minin: questions pour les sciences de l\u2019homme","author":"Maruani, M.","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb48","first-page":"14","volume":"12","author":"Mass, A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Bulletin of Social Psychology"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"The MIT Faculty Newsletter","author":"MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb50","volume-title":"La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 contre nature","author":"Moscovici, S.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb51","volume-title":"Psychologie des minorit\u00e9s actives","author":"Moscovici, S.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb52","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Social Cognition. Perspectives on Everyday Understanding","author":"Moscovici, S.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420180303"},{"key":"atypb54","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Les formes de la pens\u00e9e sociale","author":"Moscovici, S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"Women, Minorities and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering","author":"NSF (National Science Foundation)","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb56","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Who's Afraid of Feminism? Seeing Through the Backlash","author":"Oakley, A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb57","volume-title":"Love, Power and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences","author":"Rose, H.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb58","volume-title":"Women and Science. Proceedings of the Conference","author":"Rose, H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb59","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Feminist Foundations. Toward Transforming Sociology","author":"Rossi, A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Women in Science: International Workshop","author":"Ruivo, B.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7788\/figurationen.1999.0.0.50"},{"key":"atypb62","volume-title":"Les femmes ont toujours travaill\u00e9. Une histoire du travail des femmes aux XIXe`me et XXe`me sie`cles","author":"Schweitzer, S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb63","first-page":"441","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria das Mulheres","author":"Scott, J. W.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb64","volume-title":"La citoyenne paradoxale. Les f\u00e9ministes fran\u00e7 aises et les droits de l'homme","author":"Scott, J.W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"Gender and the Politics of History","author":"Scott, J.W.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb66","unstructured":"Sonnet, M. (2003) \u201cPresence des femmes au CNRS, des annees 30 a`                 nos jours\u201d, paper presented at the \u201cJournee de Re.exion Hommes                 et Femmes a` l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales\u201d,                 Paris: EHESS, pp. 17\u201322."},{"key":"atypb67","first-page":"ix","volume-title":"Women at Cambridge","author":"Sutherland, G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb68","volume-title":"Women at Cambridge","author":"Tullberg, R.M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.11.1085"},{"key":"atypb70","volume-title":"Resisting Gender. Twenty-Five Years of Feminist Psychology","author":"Unger, R.K.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb71","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of the Psychology of Women and Gender","author":"Unger, R.K.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb72","volume-title":"Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women","author":"Valian, V.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387341a0"},{"key":"atypb74","first-page":"13","volume-title":"The Social Science Bridge. Proceedings of the Meeting","author":"Ziman, J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb75","first-page":"27","volume-title":"The Outer Circle: Women in the Scienti.c Community","author":"Zuckerman, H.","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Social Science Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0539018405050444","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0539018405050444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:37:36Z","timestamp":1777664256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0539018405050444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0539018405050444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0539018405050444","relation":{},"ISSN":["0539-0184","1461-7412"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0539-0184","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7412","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}}}