{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:41:45Z","timestamp":1775036505886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"EMAP-Porto Ambiente","award":["FEUP\/EMAP\/2018-73842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEUP\/EMAP\/2018-73842"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020; UIDB\/00511\/2020;LA\/P\/0045\/2020;UID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020; UIDB\/00511\/2020;LA\/P\/0045\/2020;UID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020; UIDB\/00511\/2020;LA\/P\/0045\/2020;UID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020; UIDB\/00511\/2020;LA\/P\/0045\/2020;UID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Manag Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Urban cleanliness plays a crucial role in public health, environmental quality and citizens well-being, also affecting cities resilience. However, assessing street cleaning performance objectively, to improve services and citizen\u2019s health, remains a challenge. The present study was devoted to create a robust methodology to determine urban cleaning performance with Porto Municipality as reference. Streets were analysed before the cleaning operations and the disposed waste was characterised by typology and size as well as by the zone where it\u2019s found. The study considered 11 waste categories and 9 city areas together with developed indicators. Waste quantification was conducted in 52 streets, with 783 samples and 116,780\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    monitored. Commercial\/touristic and riverside areas were the cleanest, with cleanliness levels of 85% and 86%, respectively. Residential areas were the less clean, with cleanliness levels of 47% (social housing) and 54% (multi-family buildings), respectively. In residential and school areas, animal droppings were the most found category, corresponding to the highest annoyance level for the population, greatly affecting the streets\u2019 cleanliness index. For Porto city, the cleanliness level obtained was 61%. According to the results obtained from 3,269 people surveyed, the cleaning status of Porto city has a score of 3.37 out of 5. Since the survey was conducted in the \u2018lowest level of cleaning\u2019, the results may be classified as good. The findings highlight the need for targeted cleaning strategies in lower-performing areas and demonstrate applicability for systematic urban cleanliness assessment. Future adaptations and optimisations could enable its use in broader contexts, supporting data-driven policymaking and improved urban management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x251387004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T08:55:50Z","timestamp":1762851350000},"page":"376-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a tool to enhance street cleaning service efficiency: The case study of Porto city, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Guedes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EMAP-Porto Ambiente \u2013 Environment Company of the Municipality of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C M","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando G","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carolina S","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMAP-Porto Ambiente \u2013 Environment Company of the Municipality of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Claro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMAP-Porto Ambiente \u2013 Environment Company of the Municipality of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel Fernando R","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2013Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana M","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigMM.2018.8499092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Anexo I \u2013 Fichas Indicadores de Calidad","author":"AM","year":"2008","unstructured":"AM (2008) Anexo I \u2013 Fichas Indicadores de Calidad. Madrid, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Madrid pp.1\u20132."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Anexo II \u2013 Protocolos de c\u00e1lculo de indicadores de calidad","author":"AM","year":"2012","unstructured":"AM (2012) Anexo II \u2013 Protocolos de c\u00e1lculo de indicadores de calidad. Madrid, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Madrid, pp.1\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"06 Control de Calidad de los Servicios de Recogida, Limpieza y Zonas Verdes","author":"AM","year":"2013","unstructured":"AM (2013) 06 Control de Calidad de los Servicios de Recogida, Limpieza y Zonas Verdes. Madrid, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Madrid, pp.219\u2013229."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Indicadores del Contrato Integral de Gesti\u00f3n del Servicio P\u00fablico de Limpieza Urbana y Conservaci\u00f3n de los Espacios P\u00fablicos y Zonas Verdes","author":"AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"AM (2017) Indicadores del Contrato Integral de Gesti\u00f3n del Servicio P\u00fablico de Limpieza Urbana y Conservaci\u00f3n de los Espacios P\u00fablicos y Zonas Verdes. Madrid, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Madrid, pp.1\u2013137."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Vademecum des IOP \u2013 janvier 2016","author":"Association des Villes pour la Propret\u00e9 Urbaine (AVPU)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Association des Villes pour la Propret\u00e9 Urbaine (AVPU) (2016) Vademecum des IOP \u2013 janvier 2016. Association des Villes pour la Propret\u00e9 Urbaine."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"Lloyd LN Fitch M Singh TS et al. 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