{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T06:33:47Z","timestamp":1777790027878,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Operational Programme \u2013 Sa\u00fade XXI"},{"name":"Community Support Framework III"},{"name":"Regional Department of Ministry of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000348","name":"calouste gulbenkian foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Foundation for Science and Technology \u2013 FCT","award":["PTDC\/SAU-EPI\/121532\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-EPI\/121532\/2010"]}]},{"name":"PhD Grant","award":["SFRH\/BD\/92389\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/92389\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biol Rhythms"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The time of eating has been considered to have an important role in weight regulation. However, it is unknown if there are specific daily patterns of energy and macronutrient distribution that could be more beneficial for metabolic outcomes, especially obesity. This study aimed to assess the effect of time-of-day energy and macronutrient intake at 4 y of age on the weight status at 7 y of age. The study sample included 1961 children from the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI, with data on 3-day food diaries at 4 y and body mass index (BMI) z-scores at 7 y. Dietary patterns based on the collected data were obtained for the distribution of energy and macronutrients across eating occasions. Having a relatively higher energy intake at lunch and supper (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.34) or at mid-afternoon (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.34) at 4 y was associated with higher odds of becoming overweight\/obese at 7 y. A relatively higher intake of fat at lunch was positively associated with later children\u2019s odds for being overweight or obese (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.32). These associations were independent of the effect on children\u2019s eating behaviors related to appetite. Our results also show a detrimental relation between skipping breakfast and eating late in the day and children\u2019s body weight. Considering all daily eating occasions, a higher proportion of energy and macronutrient intake at the main meals and a lower proportion during the afternoon and evening seems to be more beneficial for children\u2019s weight. These results emphasize the important role of daily food intake rhythm on excessive weight gain in childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730419838908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T04:41:36Z","timestamp":1553748096000},"page":"332-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Chrono-Nutrition: The Relationship between Time-of-Day Energy and Macronutrient Intake and Children\u2019s Body Weight Status"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1944-0140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit \u2013 Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 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