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Poorer Luxol fast blue\u2013periodic acid Schiff and Bodian-Luxol fast blue stainings as well as neurofilament expression were observed in the kernicterus case, indicating loss of axon neurites and myelin fibers. Elevated claudin-5 and cluster of differentiation 34 expression associated with increased blood vessel density suggests bilirubin-induced angiogenic sprouting. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor 2 was observed in nucleus dentatus and Purkinje neurons. Although upregulation of multidrug resistance\u2013associated protein 1 was increased in cerebellar neurons, it was not able to prevent bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. These data add new insights into the pathophysiology of kernicterus, revealing vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor 2, as well as angiogenic sprouting, as new players in neurologic damage by unconjugated bilirubin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811423975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,21]],"date-time":"2011-12-21T23:29:30Z","timestamp":1324510170000},"page":"615-624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cerebellar Axon\/Myelin Loss, Angiogenic Sprouting, and Neuronal Increase of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in a Preterm Infant with Kernicterus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 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