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However, data on the child-reported prevalence of experienced family violence are scarce and primarily based on parental reports. This study aimed to broaden the body of evidence and measure the lifetime prevalence of child-reported experience of violent disciplinary practices perpetrated by parents and to identify its associated sociodemographic and economic factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 5,281 Generation XXI participants recruited from 2005 to 2006 in Porto, Portugal. Parental disciplinary practices were reported by 7-year-old children using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. Pearson\u2019s Chi-squared test was used to compare differences in child-reported frequencies of violent disciplinary practices by sociodemographic variables. We observed statistically significant differences in rates of violent disciplinary practices according to the child\u2019s and parent\u2019s gender. Specifically, fathers exhibited a higher likelihood than mothers to engage in psychological aggression and corporal punishment, while mothers were more prone to engage in severe and very severe physical assault. When fathers were the perpetrators, boys were more inclined than girls to report all forms of violent disciplinary measures, and when mothers were the perpetrators, boys were particularly susceptible to severe and very severe physical assault compared to girls. In our study, children reported being frequently subjected to violent parental disciplinary practices, independently of family socioeconomic background. Children were more likely to experience psychological aggression and corporal punishment if they were born into high-income families, while severe and very severe physical assaults were more common among children whose parents had lower educational levels. National public awareness of the negative effects of violent disciplinary practices is urgently needed, promoting child-friendly and nonviolent approaches to discipline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241230552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T06:35:31Z","timestamp":1707806131000},"page":"1881-1904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of Parental Violent Discipline Toward Children: Findings From A Portuguese Population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0285-4339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armine","family":"Abrahamyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7996-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ITR-Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0340-6"},{"key":"bibr2-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105960117700200317"},{"key":"bibr3-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2018.1485456"},{"key":"bibr4-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb03094.x"},{"key":"bibr5-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105220"},{"key":"bibr6-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-011-9405-1"},{"key":"bibr7-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185634"},{"key":"bibr8-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.12.021"},{"key":"bibr9-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0913-3"},{"key":"bibr10-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.01.003"},{"key":"bibr11-08862605241230552","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.120.4.386"},{"key":"bibr12-08862605241230552","unstructured":"Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica Eletr\u00f3nico. 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