{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:15:18Z","timestamp":1788588918489,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science Computer Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of progress indicators seems to be standard in many online surveys. Researchers include them in surveys in the hope they will help reduce drop-off rates. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding their effects. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed 32 randomized experiments comparing drop-off rates of an experimental group who completed an online survey in which a progress indicator was shown to drop-off rates of a control group to whom the progress indicator was not shown. In all the studies, a drop-off was defined as a discontinuance of the survey (at any point) after it has begun, resulting in failure to complete the survey. Three types of progress indicators were analyzed: constant, fast-to-slow, and slow-to-fast. Our results show that, overall, using a constant progress indicator does not significantly help reduce drop-offs and that effectiveness of the progress indicator varies depending on the speed of indicator: Fast-to-slow indicators reduced drop-offs, whereas slow-to-fast indicators increased drop-offs. We also found that among the studies in which a small incentive was promised, showing a constant progress indicator increased the drop-off rate. These findings question the common belief that progress indicators help reduce drop-off rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439313497468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T21:55:40Z","timestamp":1376949340000},"page":"744-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Where Am I? A Meta-Analysis of Experiments on the Effects of Progress                Indicators for Web Surveys"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Villar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Callegaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google UK Ltd., London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gallup, Omaha, NE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0894439313497468","unstructured":"References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis."},{"key":"bibr2-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.132.4.543"},{"key":"bibr3-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn340"},{"key":"bibr4-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-40"},{"key":"bibr5-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-6-50"},{"key":"bibr6-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209393"},{"key":"bibr7-0894439313497468","unstructured":"*B\u00f6hme R. (2011). Research note on progress indicators in                   online surveys. Retrieved from  http:\/\/www.is.uni-muenster.de\/security\/publications\/Boehme2003_Progress_Bar_Summary.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"bibr9-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12"},{"key":"bibr10-0894439313497468","volume-title":"Comprehensive meta analysis","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr11-0894439313497468","unstructured":"Braun Hamilton M. (n.d.). Attrition patterns in online surveys.                   Analysis and guidance for industry. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.supersurvey.com\/papers\/supersurvey_white_paper_attrition.htm"},{"key":"bibr49-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223928"},{"key":"bibr12-0894439313497468","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Survey and statistical computing IV. 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Retrieved                   from http:\/\/conftool.gor.de\/conftool12\/index.php?page=downloadPaper&filename=Dowling-Is_%E2%80%9Cchapterisation%E2%80%9D_a_viable_alternative-128.pdf&form_id=128&form_version=final"},{"key":"bibr45-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781506335186"},{"key":"bibr46-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-80"},{"key":"bibr47-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpor\/edq046"},{"key":"bibr48-0894439313497468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2004-1516","volume":"64","author":"Zakay D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis"}],"container-title":["Social Science Computer Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0894439313497468","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0894439313497468","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0894439313497468","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:40:36Z","timestamp":1777671636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0894439313497468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0894439313497468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0894439313497468","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-4393","1552-8286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-4393","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]]}}}