{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:32:53Z","timestamp":1768811573893,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper draws from the fundamentals of electro-thermo-mechanical coupling to the main aspects of finite element implementation and three-dimensional modelling of resistance welding. A new simulation environment is proposed in order to perform three-dimensional simulations and optimization of resistance welding together with the simulations of conventional and special-purpose quasi-static mechanical tests. Three-dimensional simulations of resistance welding consider the electrical, thermal, mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of the material as well as the operating conditions of the welding machines. Simulations of the mechanical tests take into account material softening due to the accumulation of ductile damage and cover conventional tests, such as tensile\u2013shear tests, cross-tension test and peel tests, as well as the possibility of special-purpose tests designed by the users. The overall presentation is supported by numerical simulations of electrode misalignment caused by the flexibility of the welding machine arms and electrical shunting due to consecutive welds in the resistance spot welding of two sheets. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954407014548740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T06:34:25Z","timestamp":1412145265000},"page":"885-897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Three-dimensional simulations of resistance spot welding"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Chris V","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SWANTEC Software and Engineering ApS, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Perret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audi AG, Joining Technology Development, Ingolstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Paulo AF","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Bay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954407014548740","first-page":"316","volume":"8","author":"Greenwood JA","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br Weld J"},{"key":"bibr2-0954407014548740","first-page":"123s","volume":"63","author":"Nied HA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Weld J"},{"key":"bibr3-0954407014548740","first-page":"222","volume":"25","author":"Nishiguchi K","year":"1987","journal-title":"Weld World"},{"key":"bibr4-0954407014548740","first-page":"339s","volume":"70","author":"Tsai CL","year":"1992","journal-title":"Weld J"},{"key":"bibr5-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/104077800274145"},{"key":"bibr6-0954407014548740","first-page":"364","volume-title":"7th international conference on computer technology in welding","author":"Zhang W"},{"key":"bibr7-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(96)02705-7"},{"key":"bibr8-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.096"},{"key":"bibr9-0954407014548740","first-page":"32s","volume":"90","author":"Nielsen CV","year":"2011","journal-title":"Weld J"},{"key":"bibr10-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03266709"},{"key":"bibr11-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr12-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2013.11.011"},{"key":"bibr13-0954407014548740","first-page":"8s","volume":"91","author":"Radakovic DJ","year":"2012","journal-title":"Weld J"},{"key":"bibr14-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544070JAUTO270"},{"key":"bibr15-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2009.09.012"},{"key":"bibr16-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(76)90030-8"},{"key":"bibr17-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(84)90006-7"},{"key":"bibr18-0954407014548740","unstructured":"Nielsen KL. Modelling of damage development and ductile failure in welded joints. PhD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, 2009."},{"key":"bibr19-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1958.0103"},{"key":"bibr20-0954407014548740","first-page":"556","volume":"112","author":"Zhang W","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans ASME, J Mater Mfg"},{"key":"bibr21-0954407014548740","volume-title":"The fabrication and lubrication of solids","author":"Bowden FP","year":"1950"},{"key":"bibr22-0954407014548740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen CV, Zhang W, Alves LM, Modeling of thermo-electro-mechanical manufacturing processes with applications in metal forming and resistance welding. Berlin: Springer, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4643-8"},{"key":"bibr23-0954407014548740","first-page":"357","volume-title":"8th international meshing roundtable","author":"Kraft P"},{"key":"bibr24-0954407014548740","volume-title":"Resistance welding manual","author":"RWMA","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954407014548740","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0954407014548740","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0954407014548740","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T17:57:40Z","timestamp":1740938260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0954407014548740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0954407014548740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954407014548740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-4070","2041-2991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-4070","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-2991","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]]}}}