{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:34:37Z","timestamp":1777926877771,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasticating single-screw extrusion involves the continuous conversion of loose solid pellets into a pressurized homogeneous melt that is pumped through a shaping tool. Traditional analyses of the solids conveying stage assume the movement of an elastic solid plug at a fixed speed. However, not only the corresponding predictions fail considerably, but it is also well known that, at least in the initial screw turns, the flow of loose individual pellets takes place. This study follows previous efforts to predict the characteristics of such a flow using the discrete element method. The model considers the development of normal and tangential forces resulting from the inelastic collisions between the pellets and between them and the neighbouring metallic surfaces. The algorithm proposed here is shown to be capable of capturing detailed features of the granular flow. The predictions of velocities in the cross- and down-channel directions and of the coordination number are in good agreement with equivalent reported results. The effect of pellet size on the flow features is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0954408911418159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]],"date-time":"2011-10-06T01:11:06Z","timestamp":1317863466000},"page":"255-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modelling pellet flow in single extrusion with DEM"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"O P","family":"Michelangelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\/I3N, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Yamanoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Gaspar-Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\/I3N, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites\/I3N, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0954408911418159","unstructured":"Tadmor Z., Gogos C. G. Principles of polymer processing, edition 2, 2006, p. 447 (John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey)."},{"key":"bibr2-0954408911418159","unstructured":"Rauwendaal C. Polymer extrusion, edition 2, 1990, p. 222 (Verlag, New York)."},{"key":"bibr3-0954408911418159","unstructured":"Gaspar-Cunha, A.\n                      Modelling and optimisation of single screw extrusion\n                      . PhD Thesis, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, 2000."},{"key":"bibr4-0954408911418159","first-page":"20","volume":"12","author":"Darnell W. H.","year":"1956","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"bibr5-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760311508"},{"key":"bibr6-0954408911418159","first-page":"383","volume":"15","author":"Maddock B. H.","year":"1959","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"bibr7-0954408911418159","volume-title":"Engineering principles of plasticating extrusion","author":"Tadmor Z.","year":"1978","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr8-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3139\/217.1670"},{"key":"bibr9-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3139\/217.1527"},{"key":"bibr10-0954408911418159","unstructured":"Gao, F., Jin, Z.\n                      and\n                      Chen, X.\n                      A transparent barrel for study of reciprocating screw injection molding. SPE Technical Papers,\n                      ANTEC 2000\n                      , Orlando, Florida, 8\u20139 May 2000, p. 523."},{"key":"bibr11-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760311507"},{"key":"bibr12-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(66)85095-9"},{"key":"bibr13-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(98)00438-5"},{"key":"bibr14-0954408911418159","volume-title":"Sand, powder and grains","author":"Duran J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr15-0954408911418159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darias, J. R., S\u00e1nchez, I.\n                      and\n                      Guti\u00e9rrez, G.\n                      Vertical granular transport in a vibrated U-tube. 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